k|lta4tf–kqd} dfcf]jfbLaf6 uNtL ;Rofpg] k|lta4tf
u}/ g]kfnLn] k|fKt u/]sf gful/stf vf/]h ul/g]
b:tfj]h
sf7df8f}+ . g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjsf] ;+3f/df cfP/ ljb]zL gful/sx¿n] g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] :jLsf/ ug{ k'u]sf] 5 . o;df cfkm\gf] kf6L{sf] uNtL ePsf] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 ?kdf :jLsf/ gul/Psf] ePklg ljb]zLx¿n] hfn;fhL u/L g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] :jLsf/ ul/g'n] g]skf dfcf]jfbL /fli6«otfk|lt ;+j]bgzLn ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 . r'gfjL 3f]if0ff kqsf ?kdf dfcf]jfbL x]8Sjf6/af6 ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] #( k]h nfdf] k|lta4tf–kqsf] ;a} eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ c+z gful/stf ljt/0f ;DaGwdf ePsf] uNtLnfO{ ;Rofpg] dfcf]jfbLsf] k|lta4tfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . k|lta4tf–kqsf ;a} ljifox¿ bz jif]{ hgo'4af6 vfl/P/ vfPsf] g]skf dfcf]jfbLk|lt cfzfjfbL g]kfnL hgtf ;a}sf lglDt dxŒjk"0f{ x'g;Sb5g\ eGg] 7fgL k|lta4tf–kqsf] ;Dk"0f{ c+z b:tfj]hsf ?kdf oxf“ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
cfb/0fLo g]kfnL lbbLalxgL tyf bfh'efO{x¿
em08} ;f7L jif{b]lvsf] tkfO{+ xfd|f] ;kgf k"/f x'“b}5 . xfdLn] gof“ Oltxf; lgdf{0f ub}{ 5f“}+ . xhf/f}“+ jif{b]lvsf] k'/fgf] g]kfnL Oltxf;n] sf]N6] km]b}{ 5 . ;fdGtjfb / /fhtGqsf] sfnf] o'u ;dfKt x'“b}5 . xfdL k'“hLjfbL nf]stGq / u0ftGqsf] gof“ o'udf k|j]z ub}{5f“}+ . xfdL l5§} of] o'uLg kl/jt{gsf] lnvt tof/ ug]{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf hf“b}5f}“+ . g]kfnL hgtfdf lgxLt ;fj{ef}d Pjd\ /fhsLo ;Qfsf] pRrtd cEof; ub}{ g]kfnL Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s xfdL cfÎgf] efUo/]vf cfkm}“+ sf]g{ / cfÎgf] ;+ljwfg cfkm“}+ n]Vg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ;+“3f/df 5f}““ . of] dxfg\ tyf P]ltxfl;s ca;/df ;+ljwfg;ef / u0ftGqsf] lglDt sl/a ^ bzsb]lv ;ª\3if{ ub}{ cfO/xg'ePsf tkfO{+x¿ ;a}nfO{ xfdL xflb{s clegGbg ub{5f}“+ / awfO tyf wGojfb 1fkg ub{5f}““ .
;j{k|yd, o; k'gLt cj;/df xfdL ;fdGtjfb, ;fd|fHojfb / /fhtGqsf lj?4 n8\bf–n8\b} cfÎgf] cd"No hLjg alnbfg ug{'x'g] ;Dk"0f{ 1ft–c1ft ;lxbx¿sf] :d/0f ub}{ jxf“x¿k|lt pRr ;Ddfg k|s6 ub{5f}““ . o; l;nl;nfdf xfdL ;fdGtjfb lj?4 klxnf] ljb|f]xsf] emG8f p7fpg] nvg yfkfdu/ / ;fyLx¿, !((& ;fnsf ;lxb uª\ufnfn >]i7 / ;fyLx¿ / @))& ;fnsf cfGbf]ngsf of]4fx¿sf] ;Demgf ub{5f}““ . xfdL eLdbQ kGt / ;xof]4fx¿sf] ;Ddfg ub{5f}““ / k~rfotL lg/ª\s'zsfnsf emfkf cfGbf]ngb]lv Clif b]jsf]6f…cfhfbÚx'“b} @)$^÷$& sf] cfGbf]ngsf ;lxbx¿sf] :d/0f ub{5f}“+ . o; qmddf zxfbt / alnbfgsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ g]kfnL Oltxf;sf] pTsif{df k'¥ofpg] g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] g]t[Tjdf ;~rflnt dxfg\ hgo'4 tof/Lsfnsf /fdj[If ofbj / hgo'4sf k|yd ;lxb lbnaxfb'/ /Dt]nnufotsf bzf}++xhf/ dxfg\ ;lxbx¿, xhf/f}+ a]kQfx¿ / 3fOt]x¿sf] xfdL ljz]if ;Ddfg ub{5f}““ . vf;u/L P]ltxfl;s hgo'4 / To;sf] hudf ;DkGg kl5Nnf] hgcfGbf]ngsf dxfg\ ;lxbx¿sf] alnbfgljgf clxn]sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g ;Dej lyPg eGg] tYonfO{ xfdL ;Demgf ul//xg]5f}““ / Oltxf;n] o'uo'u;Dd :d/0f ul//xg]5 .
;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdfkm{t\ of] o'uLg kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ P]ltxfl;s ca;/df gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] dxfleofgdf cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfO/x]sf] kf6L{ g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] tkm{af6 xfdL cfÎgf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ k|ltj4tfx¿ ;fj{hlgs ug{ rfxG5f}““ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lglDt cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x u/L ;aeGbf a9L alnbfg u/]sf] /fhgLlts zlQmsf] gftfn] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdfkm{t\ gof“ nf]stflGqs / ;d'Ggt g]kfn lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{of]hgf k|:t't ug{' xfdL cfÎgf] yk bfloTj 7fGb5f“}+ . gof“ g]kfnsf] lglDt gof“ ljrf/ / gof“ g]t[Tjsf] k|:tfj xfdL xfd|f cfb/0fLo dtbftf;dIf k|:t't ug{ rfxG5f}““ .
nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng / ;+ljwfg;ef M Oltxf;n] s] eG5 <
;aeGbf klxn] Jft{dfgsf] oyfy{nfO{ a'‰g / eljiosf] dfu{lrq 7Ls;“u sf]g{ xfdLn] ljutsf] Oltxf;nfO{ /fd|/L s]nfpg}k5{ .
k'/fgf] g]kfnsf b'O{{ 7"nf kxf8 M ;fdGtjfb / ;fd|fHojfb Gfof“ g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{ xfdLn] k'/fgf] g]kfnsf] ;xL lr/kmf/ ug}{k5{ . cflv/ xfdL g]kfnL ljZjsf ;aeGbf ul/a, k5f}6], k/lge{/ lsg / s;/L eof}+ < lsg xfd|f o'jfo'jtLx¿ b]zleq /f]huf/L gkfP/ nfvf}+sf] ;ª\Vofdf ljb]zlt/ ef}+tfl/g jfWo 5g\ < lsg clxn] klg xfd|f] b'O{{ ltxfO >dzlQm s[lifIf]qdf clNemPsf] 5 / ;odf krf;L hgf ufp“df a:5g\ < lsg xfd|f] cf};t cfly{s j[l4b/ hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/eGbf dfly p7\g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g < lsg xfd|f] 6fpsf]dfly ljb]zL C0fsf] ef/k|lt jif{ ylk+bf] 5 t/ xfd|f] ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L, k5f}6]kg, c;dfgtf / k/lge{/tf hxf“sf] txL+ 5 <
s] xfd|f] l:ylt ;w}““ o:t} lyof] < s] xfdLnfO{ k|s[ltn] g} 7u]sf] x'gfn] xfd|f] o:tf] a]xfn ePsf] xf] <
ljNs'n xf]Og . k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] lx;fan] xfdL ljZjsf ;aeGbf wgL b]zdWo]df ulgG5f}““ . hn, hldg, hª\un, hl8a'6L / d'VotM hgzlQmdf xfdL c;fWo} wgL 5f}“ . ltgsf] ;xL pkof]u x'g;Sg] xf] eg] xfdLn] 5f]6f] cjlwdf g} rfdTsfl/s ljsf; ug{ ;Sb5f}“ . vf;u/L xfd|f] lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf] cb\e't ef}uf]lns, h}ljs / kof{j/0fLo ljljwtfnfO{ ljsl;t lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ;xL ;+of]hgdfkm{t\ PsLs[t ljsf; ug]{ xf] eg] xfdL ljZjs} ;DkGgtd\ b]z aGg ;S5f}“ .
To;/L g} Oltxf;df ;w}“ xfd|f] :yfg ljsf;sf] k'5f/df lyPg eGg] s'/f g]kfn / ;dsfnLg ljZjsf] t'ngfTds cWoogaf6 k'li6 x'G5 . b'O{{ c9fO;o jif{ klxn];Dd cyf{t\ g]kfndf cª\u|]h;“u ;'uf}nL–;GwL ePsf] a]nf / o'/f]kdf cf}Bf]lus qmflGt ePsf] a]nf;Dd g]kfn / ljZjsf cGo b]zsf] ljsf;sf] :t/ vf;} km/s lyPg . t/ ljut b'O{{;o jif{df Tolta]nf em08} xfd|} xf/fxf/Lsf] ca:yfdf /x]sf o'/f]k, cd]l/sf, ?;, hfkfg, rLgnufotsf b]zx¿ cfh ljsf;sf] r'r'/f]lt/ nDsb} 5g\ eg] xfdL dWoo'uLg k5f}6]kgdf g} ylRr/x]sf 5f}“ .
cflv/ o:tf] lsg / s;/L eof] < :ki6 5–cfGtl/s cfly{s–;fdflhs Joj:yf / /fHok|0ffnL tyf j}b]lzs ;DaGwdf /x]sf] lj;ª\ultsf] sf/0fn] g} o:tf] ePsf] xf] . vf;u/L ljut b'O{ c9fO;o jif{b]lv lg/Gt/ ¿kdf g]kfnL ;dfh ;d:ofsf b'O{ 7"nf kxf8n] lylrPsf] x'gfn] of] l:ylt pTkGg ePsf] xf] . klxnf] kxf8 cfGtl/s ¿kdf /fhtGqsf] g]t[Tjdf v8f ePsf] cfo{–v; pRr hftLo cxª\sf/jfbdf cfwfl/t PsfTds /fHo;Qf / ;fdGtjfbL pTkfbg k|0ffnL xf] . o;}sf] sf/0fn] ;dfhdf olt ljs/fn juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}ª\lus, eflifs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts zf]if0f tyf pTkL8gsf] hfnf] tof/ ePsf] 5 ls To;n] ;du| ;fdflhs cu|udgsf] af6f] 5]ls/x]sf] 5 .
kmn:j¿k cfh ax';ª\Vos >dhLjL ls;fg, dhb'/ / a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿ r/d ul/aL, ef]s, /f]u, clzIff / rf}tkmL{ pTkL8gaf6 u|l;t 5g\ . o'uf}+b]lv a;f]jf; ub}{ cfO/x]sf dw];L, hghflt / eflifs ;d'bfox¿ PsfTds /fHosf] r/d hftLo / eflifs pTkL8gdf 5g\ . cfwf cfsfz, cfwf wtL{ cf]u6\g] dlxnfx¿ lkt[;QfTds zf]if0fsf] hf“tf]d'lg lkl;“+b} cfPsf 5g\ . kxf8 / dw];sf blntx¿ Dfg'jfbL 5'jf5't k|yfaf6 cfqmfGt 5g\ . d'VotM dw]; / b]z}e/ 5l/P/ /x]sf d'l:ndx¿ lxGb" wfld{s cxª\sf/jfbaf6 kLl8t 5g\ . s0ff{nL, ;]tL–dxfsfnL / lxdfnL e]udf a;f]jf; ug]{x¿ r/d If]qLo pTkL8gsf lzsf/ ag]sf 5g\ . ufp“df a;f]jf; ug]{ ax';ª\Vos hgtf lah'nL, kfgL, af6f]3f6f], lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf ;a} cfw'lgs ;]jf;'ljwfaf6 al~rt eP/ dWoo'uLg ca:yfdf af“Rg jfWo 5g\ .
g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ lyRg] bf];|f] kxf8 j}b]lzs ;fd|fHojfbL zf]if0f–pTkL8g xf] . ;'uf}nL–;GwLb]lv otf g]kfnnfO{ cw{–cf}klgj]l;s ;fª\nf]df af“lw/fVg] c;dfg ;GwL–;Demf}tfx¿ emg\emg\ ylk++b} u}/x]sf 5g\ . lj:tf/jfbsf ¿kdf JoQm x'g] j}b]lzs x:tIf]k / pTkL8gsf] of] k|lqmofdf ef/tLo Psflwsf/ k'“hLjfb xfd|f nflu k|d'v jfws / ;d:of /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . Psflt/ g]kfnsf k|fs[lts ;fwg;+|f]t / cfly{s ;Dkbfdfly ljb]zLx¿sf] Psflwsf/ sfod x'g] sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ g]kfnLx¿sf] yfKnf]df C0fsf] ef/ ylk+b} 5 / j}b]lzs Jofkf/ 3f6f r'ln++b} u}/x]5 . of] k/fwLgtf / k/lge{/tfsf] b'irqmsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k b]zsf pBf]uwGbfx¿ Rff}k6 ePsf 5g\ . b]zleq pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/Lsf] cefjdf jif]{gL nfvf}+ o'jfx¿ ljb]lzg jfWo 5g\ . af}l4s knfogsf] qmd 8/nfUbf];“u a9\bf] 5 . b]zdf sld;gtGq / e|i6frf/sf] hfnf] df}nfp“b} uPsf] 5 . To;}sf] cf8df km:6fPsf] ;fgf] e'O“km'§f ju{ cyf{t\ bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL k'“hLkltju{n] b]zsf] zf;g;Qf / cy{tGqdfly xfnLd'xfnL ub}{ u}/x]sf] 5 .
;fdGtjfb / ;fd|fHojfb ¿kL g]kfnsf] cu|udgsf ca/f]ws oL b'O{ 7"nf kxf8nfO{ kG5fP/ ;a} juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}ª\lus, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts pTkL8gnfO{ cGTo u/L /fHosf] hgd'vL ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds 9f“rfdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{' nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] tTsfnLg k|d'v sfo{ef/ xf] . ;fy} /fli6«otf / u0ftGq g]kfnL nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf b'O{ cljefHo kxn' x'g\ / oL b'O{dWo] PsnfO{ pk]Iff u/]/ b]zdf ljBdfg ;d:ofsf] lbuf] ;dfwfg ;Dej 5}g eGg] xfd|f] s6' oyfy{ xf] .
nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng M hgo'4 / hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;+of]hg /fhtGqfTds ;fdGtL lg/ª\s'z /fHo;Qfsf lj?4 g]kfnL hgtfn] ljut ;f7L jif{b]lv lg/Gt/ ;ª\3if{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . ;ª\3if{sf] :j¿k eg] slxn] ;z:q / slxn] lgz:q /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . hgtfsf] ;ª\3if{sf] g]t[Tj slxn] ;+;bjfbL ;'wf/jfbL /fhgLlts zlQmn], slxn] sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/L /fhgLlts zlQmn] / slxn] b'j}n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . ;dfhsf] ax'juL{o ;+/rgfcg'¿k nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ljleGg k]zfut, hftLo, eflifs ;d"xx¿,hgjuL{o ;ª\u7gx¿ / gful/s cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿;d]tsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
;fdGtL lg/ª\s'z /fHo;Qfsf lj?4 ;aeGbf klxn] @))& ;fndf k'“hLjfbL ;+;bLo nf]stGqsf] kIfw/ g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] xltof/j4 ;ª\3if{ u/]sf] xf] . k/Gt' ;f] ;ª\3if{ /fHo / ;dfhsf] cu|ufdL ¿kfGt/0fljgf aLr}df ;fdfGo /fhgLlts ;'wf/;lxtsf] ;Demf}tfdf 6'ª\UofOPsf] / ;]gf tyf xltof/sf] Joj:yfkg 7Ls;“u gul/Psf] x'gfn] /fhtGqsf] g]t[Tjdf ;fdGtL lg/ª\s'ztf gof“ 9ª\un] hf/L /x\of] .
@)!& ;fnkl5sf] tL;jif]{ k~rfotL lg/ª\s'zsfndf klg g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] k6sk6s ;z:q ;ª\3if{sf] cEof; u¥of] . k/Gt' p;sf] cGt/lgxLt pbf/ ;fdGtL / bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL k'“hLjfbL rl/qsf sf/0fn] p;n] slxNo} klg ;fdGtL /fhtGq;“u lg0ff{os ;ª\3if{ ug{ ;s]g . cflv/df @)## ;fnkl5 p;n] slyt ……/fli6«o d]nldnfkÚÚ sf] gfp“df /fhtGq;“u cfTd;dk{0f ug]{ 3f]lift gLlt g} lnof] .
ljeflht ljleGg sDo'lgi6 36sx¿n] k~rfotLsfne/ ;fdGtjfb / /fhtGqsf lj?4 cfcfÎg} 9ª\un] zflGtk"0f{ / ;z:q ;ª\3if{sf] k|oTg u/] . tLdWo] xfnsf] Pdfn]sf] k"j{ ¿k tTsfnLg df–n] ;d"xn] emfkfdf rnfPsf] ;z:q ;ª\3if{ k|d'v /x\of] . t/ ;f] ;d"xsf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf] j}rfl/s ljrng :j¿k cfd"n kl/jt{gsf/L Ph]G8f / ;z:q ;ª\3if{sf] af6f] 5f]8L Tof] qmdzM ;'wf/jfbL ;ª\3if{df ;Lldt x'gk'Uof] . @)$^ ;fnkl5 Pdfn] gfds/0f ePsf] Tof] ;d"x cGttM …ax'bnLo hgjfbÚ gfp“sf] ;+;bLo k'“hLjfbL sfo{qmd cª\uLsf/ ub}{ k'“hLjfbL ;'wf/jfbL lsQfdf pleg k'Uof] .
@)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 klg ;fdGt, gf]s/zfx / bnfn k"“hLkltju{sf] lxt ug]{ /fHosf] cfwf/e"t ;fdGtL / lg/ª\s'ztfjfbL rl/qdf vf;} kl/jt{g x'g ;s]g . o'uf}+b]lvsf juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}ª\lus / blnt pTkL8gsf ;d:of Ho"“sf To"“ /x] . ;+;bLo lgjf{rgaf6 ;Qfdf k'u]sf g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / Pdfn]n] pxL k'/fg} ;+/rgfnfO{ 6fn6'n / lnkkf]t ub}{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] / l6sfpg] euL/y k|of; u/] . t/ ;a} Joy{ eof] .
@)$& b]lv kf“r jif{;Dd ;bg / ;8saf6 zflGtk"0f{ 9ª\un] ;dfh / /fHosf] cu|ufdL ¿kfGt/0fsf lglDt p7fPsf cfjfhx¿sf] s'g} ;'g'jfO gePkl5 @)%@ kmfu'g ! ut]af6 g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ n] ;z:q hgo'4sf] yfngL u¥of] . /fli6«otf, hgtGq / hghLljsf;“u ;DalGwt $)–;"qLo dfux¿ g} hgo'4sf /fhgLlts Ph]G8f lyP . juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}ª\lus / blnt k|ZgnfO{ PsLs[t 9ª\un] hgrfxgfcg'¿k p7fPsf] sf/0fn] hgo'4n] 5f]6f] cjlwdf tLj| ljsf; u¥of] . bzjif{sf] cjlwdf bzf}+“ xhf/sf] alnbfg lbP/ hgo'4n] o'uf}+b]lv h/f uf8]sf] ;fdGtjfb / /fhtGqsf] h/f h;/L b]zsf s'gfsfKrfaf6 pv]Nof], Tof] g]kfnL Oltxf;sf] dfq geP/ ;dsfnLg ljZj Oltxf;s} cg'kd 36gf xf] . ToxL k[i7e"lddf /fhtGqaf6 k'gM Psk6s kfvf nufOPsf sfª\u|];, Pdfn]nufotsf ;+;bjfbL bnx¿ / ;z:q hgo'4 nl8/x]sf] g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ aLr @)^@ dª\l;/ & ut] P]ltxfl;s !@–a'“b] ;dembf/L eof] . ;fdGtL /fhtGqsf lj?4 zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ng / ;z:q hgo'4sf] ;+of]hg ug]{ Tof] ;dembf/Ls} cf8df @)^@÷^# df h'g ck"j{ cfGbf]ng eof], Tof] clxn];Ddsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] pTsif{ lyof] . To;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k nfdf] ;dob]lv lg/Gt/ /x“b} cfPsf] /fhtGqnfO{ j:t'tM vf/]h u/]/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / cGtl/d ;/sf/ lgdf{0f ub}{ clxn] xfdL ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ g]kfnL Oltxf;sf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ;+“3f/df 5f}“ . of] lgZro g} ;f7L jif{b]lvsf] g]kfnL nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] eJo ;kmntf xf] / To;df xfdLn] uj{ ug}{kb{5 .
o;}qmddf ;z:q hgo'4 / To; bf}/fgdf ePsf] bzf}+ xhf/sf] alnbfgsf] cf}lrToaf/] k|Zg p7\g ;S5 . k/Gt' ca P]ltxfl;s tYox¿af6 k'li6 e};s]sf] 5, bz jif]{ dxfg\ hgo'4 @))& ;fnb]lv k6sk6s ePsf ;z:q ;ª\3if{x¿n] k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] /fhgLlts sfo{ef/ k"/f ug]{ qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ xf] . dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] of]ubfgljgf cfhsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf] sNkgf s;}n] ug}{ ;ls+b}g . cfh b]zdf h'g juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}ª\lus / blnt hfu/0f k}bf ePsf] 5 / b]znfO{ ;+ljwfgtM ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5, To;sf] >]o d'VotM bz jif]{ hgo'4nfO{ g} hfG5 . hgo'4sf] qmddf ljsl;t aL;f“}+ xhf/sf] hgd'lQm ;]gf gePsf] eP cfh /fhtGqn] olt ;lhn} 3'“8f 6]SbYof] eGg] s;}n] sNkg} ug{ ;Sb}g . lglZrt ¿kdf of] k|lqmofdf c¿ cfGbf]ngsf/L zlQmx¿sf] klg oyf]lrt\ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . k/Gt' To;sf] s]Gb|df hgo'4sf] k|d'v e"ldsf /x]sf] tYonfO{ ;a}n] ;xh ¿kdf :jLsfg}{kb{5 .
hxf“;Dd alnbfgsf] k|Zg 5, s'g} klg o'ufGtsf/L qmflGtx¿ Dfxfg\ alnbfgsf] pmhf{ljgf ;kmn x'g} ;Sb}gg\ . a? ljZj Oltxf;n] eG5 h'g b]z / hgtfn] qmflGtdf hlt 7"nf] alnbfgsf] sf]6f r'Stf u/]sf 5g\, cfh ltg} b]z / hgtf ljsf;sf] plt g} a9L prfOdf 5g\ . cd]l/sf, k|mfG;, ?;, rLgnufotsf b]zx¿sf] jt{dfg / ljut To;sf ;fIfL 5g\ .
k/Gt' s'g} klg dxfg\ qmflGt gfk]tf}n] 9ª\un] ;DkGg x'“b}gg\ . qmflGtsf] qmddf s}of}+ cgk]lIft / cjfl~5t alnbfg / Iflt x'g] ub{5g\ . h;nfO{ rfx“bfrfx“b} klg /f]Sg ;ls“b}g . xfd|f] dxfg\ hgo'4sf] bf}/fgdf klg lrtjgsf] af“b/d'9] 36gf h:tf s]xL b'Mvb\ 36gf x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . cGo s}of}+ lgbf]{if JolQm / kl/jf/df cgfjZos b'Mvsi6 / Iflt x'g uPsf] 5 . tL ;a} s'/fx¿sf lglDt kf6L{sf] tkm{af6 xfdL k'gM xflb{s Ifdfofrgf ub{5f}“ .
km]l/ klg dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 s'g} …cltjfbLÚ cfGbf]ng geP/ g]kfnL Oltxf;sf] ckl/xfo{ j:t'ut cfjZostf lyof] eg]/ ;a}n] a'‰g' h?/L 5 . ToxL hgo'4sf pknlJwx¿sf] /Iff ub}{ clxn] xfdL leGg 9ª\un] qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ qmddf 5f}“ . cf;Gg ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg To;}sf] Pp6f s8L xf] .
;+ljwfg;ef M s;sf] e"ldsf s] <
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg eg]sf] k|To]s kf“r jif{df e}/xg] ;fdfGo ;+;bLo lgjf{rg xf]Og . of] t Ps o'udf Psrf]l6 cfpg] ljlzi6 kl/36gf xf] . lsgls ;+ljwfg;ef eg]sf] ;a} pd]/ k'u]sf gful/sx¿n] a/fa/L dtsf] cfwf/df :jtGq / lgikIf 9ª\un] cfÎgf k|ltlglwx¿ r'g]/ pgLx¿åf/f cfk"mdf lgxLt ;fj{ef}d tyf /fhsLo ;Qfsf] k|of]u ub}{ b]zsf] d"n sfg'g cyf{t\ ;+ljwfg agfpg] dfWod xf] . To:tf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg s'g} b]zsf] Oltxf;df ;of}+ jif{df Psk6s x'g] ub{5 . ljZj Oltxf;nfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ vf;u/L s'g} b]zdf ;fdGtjfb / /fhtGq jf ljb]zL pklgj]zsf] cGTo eP/ k'“hLjfbL nf]stGq ;+:yfut ug]{ qmddf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ k'“hLjfbL nf]stGqsf] …;jf]{Rr ¿kÚ klg eGg] ul/G5 . g]kfndf klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] k|;ª\u ;fdGtjfb / /fhtGqnfO{ cGTo u/L k'“hLjfbL nf]stGqnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] ljlwsf] ¿kdf @))& ;fnb]lv p7\b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . k/Gt' Psflt/ ;fdGtL /fhtGqjfbL zlQmsf] tLj| lj/f]w / if8\oGq / csf]{lt/ k'“hLjfbL ;+;bjfbL zlQmsf] 9'nd'n] / cfTd;dk{0fjfbL gLltsf sf/0fn] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg k6sk6s 6b}{ / ;b}{ cfPsf] 5 . vfln sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] dfq} ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|ZgnfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kn] uDeL/tfk"j{s p7fp“b} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . lsgls k'“hLjfbL hgjfbL qmflGt k"/f u/]/ ;dfhjfbsf lglDt j:t'ut cfwf/ tof/ ug{ o;n] k|ultzLn e"ldsf v]N5 eGg] pgLx¿sf] l;4fGtlgi7 ljZjf; 5 . cf;Gg ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] ;Gbe{df cfd hg;d'bfon] of] P]ltxfl;s tYonfO{ /fd|/L dgg ug}{kb{5 . sf] ;+ljwfg;ef lj/f]wL xf] / sf] ;f“Rr} ;+ljwfg;ef kIfw/ xf] < To;sf] l5gf]kmfgf] x'g}kb{5 .
;fdGtL /fhtGq M lg/Gt/ k|ltufdL if8\oGq Hfgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf :yflkt ug]{ ljlw / ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf ;+ljwfg;ef eg]sf] ;fdGtjfb / /fhtGqsf] lgif]wfyL{ cjwf/0ff / ;+:yf xf] . To;}n] ljZj Oltxf;df ;fdGtjfbL /fhtGqn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj/f]w ug{' / To;sf lj?4 if8\oGq ug{' :jfefljs s'/f xf] . g]kfnsf] Oltxf; To;sf] ckjfb 5}g / To;nfO{ cGoyf 7fGg'x'“b}g .
@))& ;fndf jfWo eP/ /fhf lqe'jg cfkm}+“n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf x'g\ . t/ cfÎgf] l:ylt cg's"n x'“b} uPkl5 pgn] ljleGg jxfgfdf ;f] lgjf{rg 6fb}{ uP . cGttM @)!$ ;fndf k'u]/ /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;§f cfkm}“+n] lbPsf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t @)!% ;fndf ;+;bsf] lgjf{rg ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/] . @)!& ;fndf ;]gfsf] andf ToxL ;+;b klg lj36g u/]/ lg/ª\s'z k~rfotL zf;g yf]kl/Pkl5 /fhf / /fhtGqjfbLx¿n] km]l/ slxNo} ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] s'/f u/]gg\ .
@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] k~rfotL tfgfzfxLsf] cGTo u/]kl5 k'gM @)!% ;fnsf] uNtL bf]xf]¥ofp“b} b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo ;Qf /fhfdf /xg] u/L /fhf jL/]Gb|åf/f @)$& ;fnsf] ;+;bLo ;+ljwfg hf/L ul/of] . Tof] ;+ljwfgnfO{ klg /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] klxn] @)%( c;f]h !* ut] / kl5 @)^! Dff3 !( ut] v'Nndv'Nnf anfTsf/ u/] .
bzjif]{ hgo'4sf] hudf ;DkGg @)^@÷)^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 g]kfnL Oltxf;df klxnf]k6s g]kfnL hgtf cfkm}+“n] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo ;Qfsf] k|of]u ub}{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ul/of] . g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ / ;ft ;+;bjfbL bnsf] ;/sf/ aLr ;DkGg a[xb\ zflGt;Demf}tfcGtu{t hf/L ul/Psf] of] ;+ljwfgn] /fhtGqnfO{ j:t'tM lgnDjg u¥of] / /fhtGqaf/] km};nf @)^$ h]7df x'g] ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7saf6 ;fwf/0f ax'dtn] x'g] 3f]if0ff eof] . k/Gt' /fhf / /fhfjfbLx¿sf] if8\oGq / ;+;bjfbL zlQmx¿sf] csd{0otf;d]tsf sf/0fn] ;f] ldltdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ePg . To;kl5 g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ n] cfÎgf] klxn]b]lvsf] c8fgdf hf]8 lb++b} klxn] /fhtGq vf/]h u/]/ u0ftGq 3f]if0ff ul/Pkl5 dfq} ;fy{s ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg ;Dej x'g] s'/f cl3 ;f¥of] / @)^$ c;f]h ! ut]af6 cGtl/d ;/sf/ 5f]8]/ @@–;"qLo dfu /fvL ltgnfO{ k"/f u/fpg cfGbf]ngdf plqof] . To;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k kf}if !# ut] ePsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] t];|f] ;+zf]wgn] g]kfnnfO{ …;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqÚ 3f]if0ff u/L To;sf] sfof{Gjog Jojxf/tM ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7saf6 x'g] to eof] .
o;/L b]zdf ;+ljwfgtM u0ftGq 3f]if0ff eP/ klg To;sf] sfof{Gjog x'g af“sL /x]sf] ljlzi6 cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . of] l:yltdf u0ftGqsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g glbg /fhf / /fhfjfbL zlQmx¿af6 clxn] klg ljleGg if8\oGq e}/x]sf] / eljiodf klg x'g] s'/f :jtM :ki6 5 . To;sf] lj?4 pRr ;ts{tf ckgfp“b} / lxhf] /fhtGqsf] e|d / k|efjdf /x]sf zlQmx¿nfO{ gof“ u0ftflGqs wf/df ;+nUg x'g clek|]l/t ub}{ l56f]eGbf l56f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fpg' g} cfh xfdL ;a}sf] k|d'v sfo{ef/ xf] / of] g} b]z / hgtfsf] lxtdf x'g] :ki6 5 . ;}Go ansf] e/df jf cGo tl/sfåf/f /fhfjfbL zlQmx¿n] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg x'g glbg] jf ef“8\g] k|oTg u/]df To;sf] ;zQm k|ltsf/ ug]{ tof/L klg cfh}b]lv xfdL ;a}n] ug{' h?/L 5 .
;+;bjfbL zlQm M 9'nd'nkg / cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf] k|ltd"lt{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] gf/f d"ntM k'“hLjfbL gf/f eP klg g]kfnsf ;+;bjfbL bnx¿sf] cGt/lgxLt bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL k'“hLjfbL rl/qsf] sf/0fn] pgLx¿ slxNo} klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] kIfdf bx|f];“u pleg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL k'“hLjfbsf] rl/q cfGtl/s ¿kdf ;fdGtjfb jf /fhtGq;“u / afx\o ¿kdf ;fd|fHojfb;“u 3'“8f 6]Sg] x'G5 . k/Gt' qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] rfk a9]sf] a]nf jf /fhtGqn] nft xfg]sf] a]nf pgLx¿ ;+ljwfg;ef / u0ftGqsf] kIfdf pleg klg k'Ub5g\ . of] 9'nd'n] / cfTd;dk{0fjfbL rl/q g]kfnsf ;+;bjfbL bnx¿ / d'VotM g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / Pdfn]df /fd|/L b]Vg ;lsG5 .
@))& ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngtfsf g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] s'/f u/] klg kl5 /fhf lqe'jgn] To;af/] cfn6fn ub}{ hf“bf p;n] To;sf lj?4 g t bx|f] c8fg lng ;Sof], g t k|efjsf/L cfGbf]ng g} u¥of] . kmntM @)!$ ;fndf /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;+ljwfg;ef ;§f ;+;bsf] lgjf{rg ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] dfu 5f]8]/ /fhfn] lbPsf] ;+ljwfg / To; adf]lhdsf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgnfO{ lz/f]wfo{ ub}{ ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf efu lng k'Uof] . To;sf] lttf] kmn p;n] @)!& sf] zfxL …s"Ú kl5 kfof], t/ To;kl5 klg p;n] k6Ss} r]t]g .
Gf]kfnL sfª\u|]; @)$^ sf] cfGbf]ngkl5 ;+ljwfg;ef ;§f ;+ljwfg ;'emfj cfof]usf] kIfdf pleof] / To:tf] /fhfsf k|ltlglw;d]tsf] cfof]un] agfPsf] @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ …ljZjs} pTs[i6 ;+ljwfgÚ eg]/ 8ª\sf ahfp“b} /x\of] . @)%* ;fndf ;DkGg klxnf] zflGt jftf{sfndf g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ n] /fv]sf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] k|:tfjnfO{ tTsfnLg g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf] ;/sf/n] c:jLsf/ u/]sfn] g} jftf{ eª\u ePsf]] lyof] . @)^! Dff3 !( sf] zfxL sbdkZrft\ /fhfn] 7"nf] nft xfg]kl5 dfq} @)^@ a}zfvdf klxnf]k6s g]kfnL sfª\u|];;lxt ;a} k|d'v ;+;bjfbL bnx¿n] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf hfg] lg0f{o u/]sf x'g\ . kl/l:yltsf] jfWotfn] dfq} clxn] g]kfnL sfª\u|]; ;+ljwfg;efsf] kIfdf b]lvP klg eljiodf p;sf] To;k|ltsf] k|ltj4tfsf] cem} klg s'g} Uof/]G6L 5}g eGg] xfdL ;a}n] dgg ug}{kb{5 .
Pdfn]sf] jt{dfg cjtf/df hGd ePb]lv g} p;sf] ;+ljwfg;ef;DaGwL b[li6sf]0f sfª\u|];sf] h:t} 9'nd'n / c:ki6 /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgsf] …sdf / km"n:6kÚ klg kl/jt{g ug{'x'Gg eGg] ‰ofnL lk6\b} lx+8\g] / @)^) ;fndf k|ltudg cfwf ;lRrof] eg]/ zfxL;/sf/df ;fd]n x'g] Pdfn] cGttM @)^! df3 !( df /fhfsf] nft vfPkl5 dfq} ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] kIfdf plePsf] xf] . dxTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts d'2fx¿df ;w}““ c:ki6 / 9'nd'n /xg] / htf xfjf rN5 pt} aUg] Pdfn] g]t[Tjsf] r/d cj;/jfbL / cljZj;gLo rl/qk|lt ;a} ;ts{ /xg}kb{5 .
Tf}klg sfª\u|];, Pdfn]nufotsf bnx¿leq ;+ljwfg;ef / u0ftGqnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug]{ sltko dfG5]x¿ 5g\ ,pgLx¿;“u Pstfj4 x'g xfdLn] ljz]if hf]8 nufpg}k5{ .
dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/L M :ki6tf / b[9tfsf] lrgf/L Gf]kfnh:tf] cw{–;fdGtL tyf cw{–cf}klgj]l;s b]zdf klxn] ;fdGtjfb / /fhtGqsf ;a} ¿kx¿sf] cGTo u/]/ k'“hLjfbL hgjfbL qmflGt k"/f u/]kl5 dfq} ;dfhjfbsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] qmflGtsf/L sDo'lgi6x¿sf] ;'?b]lvs} b[9 c8fg / dfGotf /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . To;} dfGotfcg'¿k qmflGtsf/L sDo'lgi6x¿sf] d"nwf/ g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ n] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ k'“hLjfbL nf]stGqsf] pRrtd ¿k dfGb} To;k|lt cfÎgf] b[9 k|ltj4tf JoQm ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
@)!$ ;fndf /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] k|ZgnfO{ Oltxf;sf] aGb sf]7fdf y'lglbPkl5 ljeflht sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf ljleGg 36sx¿n] cfSsnem'Ssn ;+ljwfg;efsf] s'/f gp7fPsf xf]Ogg\ . t/ Tof] Oltxf;sf] ue{df ylRrP/ a;]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf]] /fhgLlts d'2fnfO{ hLjGt kfb}{ /fli6«o /fhgLltsf] s]Gb|df :yflkt ug]{ sfd g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ / p;sf] g]t[Tjdf ;~rflnt hgo'4n] g} u/]sf] huhfx]/ 5 . hgo'4sf] k"j{ ;GWofdf k|:t't $)–;"qLo dfudf …r'lgPsf hgtfsf k|ltlglwx¿4f/f gof“ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{Ú eGg] s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy p7fOPsf] s'/fn] To;sf] yk k'li6 ub{5 .
Hfgo'4sf] ljsf; ;“u;“u} ;+ljwfg;efsf] gf/fnfO{ Jojl:yt 9ª\un] p7fpg] / cem} ;Df[4 kfg]{ sfd eof] . ;j{k|yd @)%& ;fndf ;DkGg kf6L{sf] bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] kf6L{sf] tTsfnLg sfo{gLltnfO{ …uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgÚ sf] ¿kdf ;"qj4 u¥of] . To;}sf] cfwf/df @)%* ;fnsf] klxnf] zflGtjftf{df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] dfunfO{ s]Gb|Lo /fhgLlts dfusf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/of] . k/Gt' ;f] dfu tTsfnLg g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf] ;/sf/n] OGsf/ u/]sfn] zflGtjftf{ eª\u eof] / klxnf] rf]l6 zfxL;]gf;“u hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] ;z:q eL8Gt ;'? eof] . kmn:j¿k Tolta]nf;Dd hgo'4sf] qmddf Ps 8]9 xhf/ dflg;sf] dfq alnbfg ePsf]df To;kl5 yk bzf}+ xhf/sf] alnbfg eof] .
@)^) ;fndf ;DkGg bf];|f] zflGtjftf{ klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] :jLsf/ gu/]sfn] eª\u ePsf] lyof] . @)^# ;fndf ePsf] t];|f] zflGt jftf{df dfq d'VotM ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgaf/] ;xdlt ePsfn] a[xb\ zflGt;Demf}tf ;DkGg eO{ g]kfnL /fhgLlt oxf“;Dd cfOk'u]sf] xf] . of] P]ltxfl;s tYonfO{ s;}n] klg la;{g jf cjd"Nog ug{ ldNb}g .
o;/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] /fhgLlts dfusf nflu bzf}++ xhf/ xf]gxf/ of]4fx¿sf] alnbfg u/]sf] /fhgLlts kf6L{sf gftfn] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgk|lt g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] ;aeGbf a9L k|ltj4tf / lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] s'/fdf s'g} zª\sf /xGg . h;/L aRrf hGdfpg] cfdfnfO{ g} aRrfsf] ;aeGbf a9L dfof x'G5 / cfdfn] g} aRrfnfO{ ;aeGbf /fd|/L x'sf{pg ;lS5g\, To;/L g} dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;aeGbf a9L dfof 5 / p;n] dfq} o;nfO{ 7Ls 9ª\un] nfngkfng ug{ ;S5 eGg] ;a}n] a'‰g' cfjZos 5 .
;+ljwfg;efsf] k|ZgnfO{ g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ n] k'/fgf] zf:qLo cy{df dfq geP/ gof“ ljsl;t ljrf/z[ª\vnf …k|r08kyÚ n] cl3 ;f/]sf] hgjfbsf] ljsf;sf] gjLg cy{df klg dxTj lbP/ p7fPsf] s'/f oxf“ pNn]v ug{' ;fGble{s x'G5 . @)^) ;fndf cWoIf s= k|r08af6 k|:t't / kf6L{åf/f kfl/t …PSsfO;f}+“ ztfJbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;Ú ;DaGwL k|:tfjn] clxn] k'“hLjfbL qmflGtsf] r/0fdf dfq xf]Og, ef]lnsf] ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfdf klg ax'bnLo k|lt:wf{Tds /fhgLltnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5 . To; lx;fan] ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds 9ª\un] r'lgPsf hgtfsf k|ltlglwx¿af6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ ljlw jf ;+ljwfg;efsf] ljlw xfd|f] ljsl;t ljrf/ z[ª\vnf;“u klg k"/} d]n vfG5 . o;/L ;+ljwfg;efk|lt xfd|f] ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s k|ltj4tfaf/] k|Zg p7fpg' Joy{ 5 . To;dfly km]l/ klg ;+ljwfg;ef cfkm}“df ;fWo geP/ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ jf /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ ;jf]{Qd ljlw jf ;fwg dfq xf] . o;nfO{ ;fdfGo ;+;bLo lgjf{rgsf] :t/df lu/fP/ o;sf] dxTj / e"ldsfnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ / cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt /fVg] oyfl:yltjfbL ;+;bjfbL zlQmx¿sf] v]nk|lt Psflt/ ;ts{ /xg' cfjZos 5 eg] csf]{lt/ ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg g} x'g glbg] k|ltufdL /fhfjfbL zlQmx¿sf] if8\oGqnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ zlQmsf ;fy k/f:t ug{ cl3 ;g{' klg cfjZos 5 .
gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] cGt/j:t' M :jfwLg / hgd'vL ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnL Oltxf;df hgtfsf r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx¿ jf ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ lgdf{0f x'g] gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] d'Vo cfwf/ / cGt/j:t' s] x'g'knf{ < g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] b[9 ljZjf; 5 ls To;sf] d'Vo cfwf/ eg]sf] bz jif]{ hgo'4 / pGgfO{; lbg] hgcfGbf]ngsf] hgfb]z g} xf] . cyf{t\ hgo'4 / hgcfGbf]ngsf bzf}+ xhf/ ;lxbx¿, xhf/f}+ a]kQfx¿ / xhf/f}+ cª\ueª\u ePsf 3fOt]x¿sf] ;kgf g} gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] cGt/j:t' xf] . hgo'4 / hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmddf nfvf}+sf] ;ª\Vofdf ;z:q / lgz:q ;ª\3if{df pq]sf hgtfn] j}b]lzs k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQmx¿sf] cf8df ;fdGtjfb, /fhtGq / PsfTds /fHo;Qfåf/f x'“b} cfPsf] juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}ª\lus, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, ;fdflhs pTkL8gaf6 d'lQm rfx]sf lyP / To;sf] lglDt /fHosf] ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds 9f“rfdf cu|ufdL ¿kfGt/0f rfx]sf lyP . ;fy} 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf ;ª\ul7t ljb|f]xdf pq]sf ul/a ls;fg, dhb'/, blnt, dlxnf, dw];L, hghfltnufotsf pTkLl8t ;d'bfon] efjL u0ftGq d'¶Le/ x'g]vfg] ju{sf] dfq lxt ug]{ Joj:yf geP/ ax';ª\Vos >dhLjL hgtfsf] ;d]t lxt ug]{ hgd'vL u0ftGq xf];\ eGg] rfx]sf lyP . To; cltl/Qm o'uf}+b]lvsf] afx\o cw{–cf}klgj]l;s pTkL8gaf6 cfqmfGt b]zeQm hgtfn] ef]lnsf] u0ftGq k/fwLg / k/fl>t u0ftGq geP/ :jfwLg u0ftGq xf];\ eGg] rfx]sf lyP . o;/L :jfwLg / hgd'vL ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ub}{ ;d'Ggt gof“ g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{' bz jif]{ hgo'4 / pGgfO{; lbg] hgcfGbf]ngsf] hgfb]z lyof] .
oxL tYonfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ lgDg d'Vo cGt/j:t';lxtsf] :jfwLg / hgd'vL ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ gof“ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5 M
/fli6«o :jfwLgtf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfM ;a}vfn] cw{–cf}klgj]l;s / c;dfg ;DaGwx¿sf] cGTo ub}{ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, /fli6«o :jfwLgtf, :jtGqtf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] k"0f{ /Iff ul/g]5 / To;nfO{ c¿ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 .
;ª\3Lo /fHok|0ffnLM g]kfn Ps ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax';f+:s[lts, ax'wfld{s / ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'Qm d'n's xf] . To;}n] hftLo tyf If]qLo cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ / :jfoQ zf;gsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] 7f]; ljlzi6tfx¿dfly ;d]t Wofg lb++b} /fHosf] jt{dfg PsfTds:j¿ksf] cGTo u/L ;ª\3fTds 9f“rfdf /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 / b]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, :jtGqtf, :jfwLgtf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfnfO{ gof“ cfwf/df yk dha't ul/g]5 .
u0ftGqfTds zf;gJoj:yfM b]zdf ;fdGtjfbsf ;a} ¿kx¿ / /fhtGqsf] k"0f{ pGd"ng u/L u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yf sfod ul/g]5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf] t];|f] ;+zf]wgn] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7saf6 ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt /fi6«klt / Joj:yflksf ;b:ox¿af6 lgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqLsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqLsf] sfo{sfn b'O{ k"0f{ cjlwsf] lglDt eGbf a9L x'g]5}g .
hgd'vL nf]stflGqs k4ltM ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo ;Qf k"0f{ ¿kn] hgtfdf lgxLt /xg]5, h'g pgLx¿n] cfÎgf r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx¿dfkm{t\ k|of]u ug]{5g\ . ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, ljlwsf] zf;g, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{, aflnu dtflwsf/, :jtGq Pjd\ lgikIf cfjlws lgjf{rg, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf cflb u'0fx¿o'Qm k"0f{nf]stflGqs k4lt cg';/0f ul/g]5 . nf]stGqnfO{ cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt /fVg] ljBdfg kl/kf6LnfO{ cGTo u/L To;nfO{ ;dfhsf ax';ª\Vos >lds / ljkGg ju{x¿ / pTkLl8t hflt, If]q, dlxnf, blntnufotdf ;d]t nf]stGqsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg cfjZos ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/g]5 / nf]stGqnfO{ jf:tljstfdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/g]5 . /fHo / /fHosf lgsfox¿dfly gful/sx¿sf] lg/Gt/ lgu/fgL ;'lglZrt ug{ :jtGq k|]; / gful/s ;dfhnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .
dfgjclwsf/M cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf :yflkt dfkb08cg'¿k dfgjclwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g]5 .
gful/s :jtGqtf / df}lns xsM k|To]s gful/snfO{ cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf, zflGtk"0f{ e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf, /fhgLlts bn jf ;ª\3 ;+:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf, s'g} k]zf jf Joj;fo ug]{ :jtGqtf, st} cfjhfjt jf a;f]jf; ug]{ :jtGqtf cflbsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt ul/g]5 .
df}lns xsM ;a}nfO{ ;dfgtfsf] xs, zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs, uf]klgotfsf] xs, ;fdflhs tyf hftLo e]befj lj?4sf] xs, oftgf lj?4sf] xs, ;"rgfsf] xs, k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkfvfgf;DaGwL xs, ;DklQsf] xs cflb df}lns xsx¿sf] Uof/]G6L ul/g]5 .
– lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L, cfjf; / vfB ;Dk|e'tfdf ;a} gful/ssf] df}lns xs :yflkt ul/g]5 .
– e"lddfly jf:tljs hf]tfxf ls;fgsf] clwsf/ /xg]5 .
– >lds / dhb'/ju{nfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] lje]b / pTkL8gsf lj?4 dfu /fVg], ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug]{, x8\tfn ug]{ xs /xg]5 .
– dlxnfx¿nfO{ k}t[s ;DklQnufot ;a} If]qdf k'?if;/x ;dfg clwsf/ x'g]5 . k|hgg\ / ;DaGwljR5]bsf] clwsf/ dlxnfdf lgxLt /xg]5 .
– ;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ kf]if0f, lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 .
– o'jfx¿nfO{ cfÎgf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;du| JolQmTj ljsf;sf] lglDt /fHoaf6 ;xof]u / ;+/If0f k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 .
– ;a} k|sf/sf ckf+ux¿nfO{ klxrfg, ;Ddfg, k|ltlglwTj / ;+/If0fsf] xs x'g]5 .
– j[4j[4f / c;xfo gful/sx¿nfO{ /fHoaf6 x]/rfx / ;+/If0f k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 .
– nf]kf]Gd'v / ;LdfGts[t hflt / ;d'bfonfO{ cfÎgf] efiff, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ / /fHoaf6 cfjZos ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 .
– b'u{d, lk5l8Psf / pTkLl8t If]qsf hgtfnfO{ ljsf;sf] ;dfg cj;/, /fHosf cª\udf ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf / ;Ddfg k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 .
– blntx¿nfO{ 5'jf5't tyf ;fdflhs e]befj lj?4sf] xs x'g]5 .
– gful/sx¿sf] df}lns clwsf/nfO{ cem Jofks Pjd\ ;d[4 kfg{ ;xeflutfsf] xs, cfTdlg0f{osf] xs, hLjg tyf cfTd/Iffsf] xs, dfgjLo ;Ddfgsf] xs, kl/jf/sf] xs, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs, dgf]/~hg tyf lj>fdsf] xs, :yfgLo :jzf;gsf] xs, k|Tofx\jfg;DaGwL xs, Gofofno kx'“rsf] xs, y'g'jf tyf bf]ifL s/f/ JolQmsf] xs, ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] xs, t];|f] lnª\uLx¿sf] xs h:tf ljljw xsx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
wd{lg/k]Iftf / wfld{s :jtGqtfM /fHo k"0f{ ¿kn] wd{ lg/k]If /xg]5 . ;a} gful/snfO{ cfÎgf] cf:yfcg';f/ wd{ dfGg] jf gdfGg] :jtGqtf /xg]5 . s;}dfly klg wfld{s cf:yfsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g]5}g .
gful/stfM ;ª\3fTds k|0ffnL nfu" ePkl5 klg b]ze/ ;femf gful/stfsf] gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . ;a} g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ljgfe]befj / ;xh 9ª\un] gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 . u}/–g]kfnL gful/sn] em'SofO{ jf hfn;fhL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/stf cfjZos 5fglag u/L vf/]h ul/g]5 .
efiffM g]kfn ax'eflifs d'n's ePsfn] oxf“sf ;a} efiffx¿nfO{ /fli6«o efiffsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ul/g]5 . ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfleq s'g /fHodf s'g sfdsfhsf] efiff / s'g ;Dks{ efiff x'g] eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt /fHosf] Joj:yflksfnfO{ /xg]5 .
;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj / ljz]if clwsf/M ;dfhdf ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}ª\lus / cGo lje]b / c;dfgtfsf] cGTo ug{ / nf]stGqnfO{ cem a9L hgd'vL / k|efjsf/L agfpg /fHosf ;a} cª\u / hgk|ltlglw ;+:yfx¿df dlxnf, blnt, pTkLl8t hflt÷hghflt, pTkLl8t If]q÷b'u{d If]q, dw];, cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo -d'l:ndnufot_ cflbsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;aeGbf tLj| pTkL8gdf k/]sf dlxnf, blnt / d'l:nd ;d'bfonfO{ P]ltxfl;s pTkL8gsf] Ifltk"lt{:j¿k lglZrt cjlw;Dd yk ljz]if clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
;'/Iff If]qsf] k'g;{+/rgfM xfn b]zdf ljlwjt\ ljBdfg b'O{j6f ;z:q ;]gf, g]kfnL ;]gf / hgd'lQm ;]gf, dWo] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;du| nf]stfGqLs/0f / hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] Jofj;foLs/0f u/]/ b'j}sf] plrt 9ª\un] ;dfof]hg ul/g]5 / gof“ /fli6«o ;]gf lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . gof“ nf]stflGqs kl/kf6Lcg'¿k / /fHosf] ;ª\3fTds 9f“rfdf k'g;{+/rgfdf d]n vfg] u/L ;]gf, k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L / cg';Gwfg ljefu;d]t ;du| ;'/Iff If]qsf] k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 .
Gofo k|0ffnLsf] k'g;{+/rgfM :jtGq Gofokflnsf;DaGwL cjwf/0ffk|lt k"0f{ k|ltj4 /x“b} Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ gof“ nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotfcg'¿k hgpQ/bfoL agfOg]5 . /fHosf] ;ª\3fTds k'g;{+/rgfcg'¿k s]Gb|df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / ;ª\3Lo /fHox¿df pRr cbfnt / lhNnf cbfnt /xg] u/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 .
;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] k'g;{+/rgfM clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfs, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u cflb ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿nfO{ :jtGq, ;jn / k|efjsf/L agfpg] 9ª\un] cfjZos k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 . ljz]iftM /fHosf cª\ux¿df JofKt e|i6frf/sf] SofG;/af6 b]z / ;dfhnfO{ d'Qm ul/g]5 / o;sf nflu a9L k|efjsf/L j}slNks lgsfosf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
k|zf;goGqsf] k'g;{+/rgfM gof“ nf]stflGqs kl/kf6L / /fHosf] ;ª\3fTds k'g;{+/rgfcg'¿k k|zf;goGqsf] cfjZos k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 . k|zf;gnfO{ k|lqmofd'vLeGbf kl/0ffdd'vL / hgpQ/bfoL, bIf tyf kf/bzL{ agfpg] 9ª\un] cfd"n kl/jt{g ul/g]5 .
gof“ ;+qmd0fsfnLg cy{gLltM ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] cy{gLltsf] cfwf/ ;fdGtjfb / ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL / g]kfnL ljz]iftf ;'xfp“bf] gof“ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg cy{gLlt [New Transitional Economic Policy] x'g]5 . o;sf d"n ljz]iftfx¿ oL x'g]5g\M
– cy{tGqdf ;fdGtjfbsf ;a} ¿kx¿sf] cGTo ul/g]5 . d'VotM ;fdGtL e"–:jfldTjsf] cGTo ub}{ …hldg hf]Tg]sf]Ú l;4fGtsf cfwf/df qmflGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
– cy{tGqnfO{ ljZj;fd|fHojfbåf/f nflbPsf] gj–pbf/jfbL cy{gLltsf] b'ik|efjaf6 d'Qm /flvg]5 . k/Gt' /fli6«o of]hgfcg'¿k / /fli6«o lxtdf cfjZostfcg';f/ ljb]zL k|ToIf nufgLnfO{ 5'6 lbOg]5 .
– nufgLsf If]qdf ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/L (Public-Private Partnership, or PPP) k|0ffnLnfO{ k|>o lbOg]5 .
– ;xsf/L k|yfnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L ;a} If]qdf ljz]if k|fyldstf;fy k|j4{g ul/g]5 .
– /fHon] bfloTj lng'kg]{ tf]lsPsf ljz]if If]qdf afx]s cGoq lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
k|ToIf nf]stGq / hgdt;ª\u|xM hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rrtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ hLjGt /fVg Jofjxfl/s eP;Dd k|ToIf nf]stGqsf] cEof;nfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ hfg] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg ul/g]5 . o;}cGtu{t b]znfO{ bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf k|efj kfg]{ ljifox¿nfO{ /fli6«o hgdt;ª\u|xdfkm{t\ lg0f{o ul/g]5 .
;GwL–;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bgM /fli6«o ;fwg;|f]tsf] af“8kmf“8;“u ;DalGwt / /fli6«o lxtdfly uDeL/ c;/ ug]{ vfnsf ;a} cGt/f{li6«o ;GwL–;Demf}tf / lnvtx¿sf] cg'df]bg s]Gb|Lo Joj:yflksfsf] b'O{ltxfO ax'dtaf6 ug]{ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg /flvg]5 .
/fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLltx¿M cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ePsf /fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLltx¿sf cltl/Qm :jfwLg / hgd'vL ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut / sfof{Gjog ug]{ gLlt / sfo{qmdx¿ Tfh{'df u/L nfu" ug{' /fHosf] bfloTj x'g]5 .
;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf hg;xeflutfM ;+ljwfg;efåf/f gof“ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf cfd hg;d'bfo, ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d"xx¿ / ljz]if1x¿sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ pko'Qm ljlwx¿ ckgfOg]5 M
g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] kl/sNkgfM
;d'Ggt gof“ u0ftflGqs g]kfnsf] :yfkgf
Gf]kfnL hgtfn] olta]nf cfd"n kl/jt{g;lxt lbuf] zflGt / ;d'Ggt g]kfnsf] rfxgf ul//x]5g\ . bz jif]{ dxfg\ hgo'4dfkm{t\ k'/fgf] PsfTds, ;fdGtL / /fhtGqfTds g]kfnsf] cGTo u/]/ gof“ ;ª\3fTds, nf]stflGqs / u0ftGqfTds g]kfnsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug{ g]skf
-dfcf]jfbL_ n] cu|0fL e"ldsf v]n]sf] sf/0fn] gof“ ;d'Ggt g]kfnsf] lgdf{0fsf] ck]Iff klg dfcf]jfbLaf6} x'g' c:jfefljs xf]Og . To;}n] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] qmddf g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] cfÎgf] Ph]G8f hg;dIf k|:t't ug{ kfp“bf ljz]if uf}/jsf] cg'e"lt ub{5 .
/fli6«otf, u0ftGq / cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] Ph]g8f;“u;“u} sfof{Gjog u/]/ dfq} gof“ ;d'Ggt g]kfn aGg ;S5 eGg] xfd|f] ljZjf; 5 . To;}cg'¿k xfdL oxf“ efjL g]kfnsf] lgdf{0fsf] df]6fdf]6L vfsf k|:t't ub{5f}“ M
/fli6«otfsf] k|Zg / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw
Jft{dfg e"d08nLs[t ljZjdf s'zntfk"j{s /fli6«o :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] /Iff ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwnfO{ ;xL 9ª\un] kl/rfnt gu/Lsg tLj| ultdf ;d'Ggt gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsGg . To;lglDt g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ lgDgcg';f/ cl3 a9\g] k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5 M
c;dfg ;GwL–;Demf}tfM g]kfnsf] cfTdlge{/ / lbuf] ljsf;sf] nflu a[l6;–ef/tsf] kfnfb]lv ljsl;t ePsf] g]kfn–ef/t c;dfg ;DaGwsf] uDeL/ ;dLIff u/]/ To;df ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ug}{kb{5 . To;sf] lglDt d'Vo ¿kdf ;g\ !(%) sf] g]kfn–ef/t zflGt tyf d}qL ;GwL vf/]h u/]/ k~rzLnsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df / cfk;L lxtdf gof“ ;GwL ul/g'k5{ . To;/L g} cGo ;GwL–;Demf}tfx¿sf] klg k'g/fjnf]sg u/]/ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;+zf]wg jf kl/dfh{g jf vf/]h ul/g'kb{5 . o;af/] uDeL/ s'6gLlts tyf cGo kxn ul/g]5 .
;Ldf Joj:yfkgM g]kfn–ef/t v'nf l;dfgf Jojl:yt / lgolGqt ul/g'k5{ . ;':tf, sfnfkfgLnufot 7fp“7fp“df b]lvPsf ;Ldf cltqmd0f / ljjfbaf/] oyf;So l56f] ;TotYosf cfwf/df / cfk;L lxtdf 6'ª\uf] nufpg'kb{5 . oLaf/] k|fyldstfsf ;fy kxn ul/g]5 .
uf]vf{etL{ s]Gb|M g]kfnL gful/sx¿ ljb]zL ;]gfdf etL{ x'g] uf]vf{etL{ s]Gb|h:tf nHhf:kb k/Dk/fsf] cGTo ul/g'k5{ / pgLx¿ ;a}nfO{ :jb]zleq} ;Ddfgk"0f{ / pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug{'kb{5 . o;af/] b]zleq hgdt / ;xh jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/]/ cfjZos sbd rflng]5 .
ef/t / rLg;“usf] ;DaGwM k~rzLnsf l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ljZjsf ;a} b]zx¿;“u d}qL;DjGw /flvg]5 . ef/t / rLg h:tf b'O{ 7"nf l5d]sLx¿;“usf] ;DaGw ;Gt'lnt / ;'b[9 agfpg ljz]if k|oTg ul/g]5 . ljZj cy{tGqsf] gof“ Ol~hg aGg yfn]sf rLg / ef/tsf] tLj| cfly{s ljsf;af6 nfe lng g]kfnL zf;sju{sf] ljutsf] …akm/ :6]6Ú dfgl;stf kl/Tofu u/]/ b'O{ b]zaLrsf] cGt/;DaGwsf] ultzLn k'n aGg] gLlt cg';/0f ul/g]5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/M g]kfnL o'jf o'jtLx¿nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] lglDt ljb]z knfog x'g'kg]{ afWofTds l:yltsf] cGTo ul/g]5 / :jb]zdf g} pko'Qm /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . tTsfnsf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf g]kfnLx¿sf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ljz]if Wofg lbOg]5 / pgLx¿dfly x'g] u/]sf ;a} vfn] zf]if0f / pTkL8gsf] cGTo ug{ k|efjsf/L sbd rflng]5 .
k|jf;L / u}/–cfjf;Lo g]kfnLM ef/tnufot ljZjsf ljleGg b]zdf /x]sf k|jf;L g]kfnLx¿sf] xslxtsf] /Iffsf] lglDt g]kfnL b"tfjf;x¿dfkm{t\ ljz]if k|oTg ul/g]5 . u}/–cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ bf]xf]/f] gful/stfsf] Joj:yf u/]/ pgLx¿sf] ;Lk / k'“hL g]kfndf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .
;GwL–;Demf}tf cg'df]bgM hn;|f]tnufot g]kfnsf dxTjk"0f{ k|fs[lts ;fwg;|f]tsf] af“8kmf“8;DaGwL / g]kfnnfO{ bL3{sfnLg ¿kn] uDeL/ c;/ ug]{ ljb]zLx¿;“u ePsf ;GwL–;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L / lnvtx¿sf] cg'df]bg s]Gb|Lo Joj:yflksfsf] b'O{ltxfO ax'dtaf6 ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvg]5 / To;sf] b[9tfk"j{s kfngf ul/g]5 .
ljb]zL C0fM g]kfnnfO{ ljb]zL C0fsf] b'irqmaf6 d'Qm ug{ / cfTdlge{/ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug{ r/0fj4 of]hgf nfu" ul/g]5 . cGt/f{li6«o ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ / ljb]zLx¿sf] of]hgf / zt{ adf]lhd C0f cg'bfg lng] k/Dk/fsf] cGTo ub}{ /fli6«o cfjZostf / lxt cg's"n cfÎgf] of]hgf, zt{ / kxndf j}b]lzs ;xof]u -cg'bfg / C0f_ lng] k4lt cg';/0f ul/g]5 .
e'6fgL z/0ffyL{M e'6fgL z/0ffyL{x¿ lgMzt{ cfÎgf] 3/ kms{g kfpg'kg]{ s'/fsf] k"0f{ ;dy{g ub}{ pgLx¿nfO{ ;;Ddfg :jb]z kmsf{pg cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf cfjZos kxn ul/g]5 .
u0ftGq / /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf
/fhgLlts 9f“rfdf cfd"n kl/jt{gljgf gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0f ;Dej 5}g . To;}n] u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{, ;ª\3fTds 9f“rfdf /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{, zf;goGqsf x/]s cª\usf] nf]stflGqsLs/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_n] pRr k|fyldstf lbg]5 . /fhgLltnfO{ sdfgdf /fv]/ dfq b'lgof“ abNg ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] bx|f];“u kqmg]5 . ;fy} jt{dfg c;dfg cfly{s–;fdflhs w/ftndf v8f ePsf] nf]stflGqs u0ftGq Pp6f cf}krfl/s nf]stGqdf dfq ;Lldt /xg] ;Defjgf /xG5 / To;nfO{ ax';ª\Vos >dhLjL / pTkLl8t hg;d'bfosf] jf:tljs nf]stGqdf abNg hgtfsf] ;ª\3if{nfO{ lg/Gt/ hf/L /fVg'kb{5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ klg xfdLn] /fd|/L cfTd;ft\ ug]{5f}“ . To;}n] of] ;ª\qmd0fsfndf kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] :jfwLg / hgd'vL ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s sfof{Gjog u/]/ gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/lznf v8f ug{ g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ k"0f{ k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5 .
;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] sfof{Gjog
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg nuQ} :jfwLg / hgd'vL ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut / sfof{Gjog ug{ g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ n] k|fyldstfsf ;fy lgDg k|:tfjx¿ cl3 ;fg]{5M
– c9fO;o jif{b]lvsf] ;fdGtL zfxj+zLo /fhtGqsf] ljlwjt\ cGTo u/L b]znfO{ gof“ u0ftflGqs o'udf k|j]z u/fpg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7saf6 ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
– ;+ljwfg;efn] gof“ ;+ljwfg gagfP;Ddsf] cGtl/dsfnsf nflu ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿n] /fi6«–k|d'vsf] ¿kdf sfo{sf/L /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg ug]{ .
– /fhgLlts ;xdltsf cfwf/df gof“ cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] u7g ug]{ .
– /fHonfO{ hftLo tyf If]qLo cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ / :jfoQ zf;g;lxtsf] ;ª\3fTds 9f“rfdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ .
– ;d'Ggt gof“ g]kfnsf] cfly{s cfwf/ tof/ ug{ …gof“ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg cy{gLltÚ nfu" ug]{ .
– ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf, a]/f]huf/, ;'s'Djf;L, ckf+u, j[4j[4f, åGåkLl8t, ;lxb tyf a]kQf gful/ssf kl/jf/ cflbnfO{ tTsfn /fHon] /fxt pknJw u/fpg] .
– hgd'lQm ;]gf / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] plrt ;dfof]hg u/L gof“ /fli6«o ;]gf lgdf{0f ug]{ .
– lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd …;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]uÚ u7g ug]{ / k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 bf]ifLnfO{ sfaf{xL ug]{ .
gof“ g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo /fHo–;+/rgf;DaGwL xfd|f] wf/0ff
Gf]kfn Ps ax'hftLo (multi-nationalities), ax''eflifs (multi-lingual), ax''If]qLo (multi-regional), ax''wfld{s (multi-religious) / ax';f+:s[lts (multi-cultural) d'n's eP klg nfdf] ;dob]lv /fHo;Qfsf] :j¿k PsfTds (unitary) ePsf] / To;sf] d"n rl/q kxfl8of slyt pRr hftLo cxª\sf/jfb /x]sfn] ax';ª\Vos dw];L / hghfltx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ pTkLl8t dx;'; ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . To;/L g} sf7df8f+} s]lGb|t /fHo;Qfaf6 ;'b"/ klZrdsf ;]tL–dxfsfnL / e]/L–s0ff{nL If]q tyf lxdfnL If]qx¿n] r/dpk]Iff / pTkL8gsf] cg'e"lt ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . of] l:yltdf /fHosf] PsfTds 9f“rfsf] cGTo u/L ;ª\3fTds 9f“rfdf k'g;{+/rgf ug{' gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ zt{ aGg uPsf] 5 . of] hftLo / If]qLo pTkL8gsf] k|ZgnfO{ juL{o pTkL8g;“u hf]8]/ ;aeGbf ;':ki6 / ;'Jojl:yt 9ª\un] dxfg\ hgo'4sf] qmddf g} p7fp“b} cfPsf] /fhgLlts zlQmsf] gftfn] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ /fHosf] ;ª\3fTds k'g;{+/rgfsf] sfo{;"rL sfof{Gjog ug{ ;aeGbf a9L lhDd]jf/ dx;'; ub{5 / ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t\ ;xL / j}1flgs 9ª\un] sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5 . :d/0f /xf];\,xfdLn] /fHosf] ;ª\3fTds k'g;{+/rgfsf] k|f/lDes cEof; hgo'4sfnb]lv g} ub}{ cfPsf 5f}“ / To;nfO{ hg;dIf cg'df]bglglDt k|:t't ub}{5f}“ .
;ª\3Lotfsf] cfwf/M g]kfndf ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] d'Vo cfwf/ s] x'g ;S5 < o;af/] y'k|} ax; x'“b} cfPsf] eP klg ;fk]If ¿kn] a9L j}1flgs / Jofjxfl/s cfwf/ hftLo / If]qLo klxrfg g} xf] eGg] xfd|f] 7x/ 5 . oxf“ …hftLoÚ eGgfn] k|hflt jf gZn (ethnicity or race) jf hftkft (caste) geP/ ;femf efiff, ;femf e"uf]n, ;femf cy{tGq / ;femf dgf]j}1flgs agf]6 ePsf] dflg;x¿sf] :yL/ ;d"x jf …/fli6«otfÚ (nationality) sf] cy{df xf] eg]/ a'‰g' cfjZos 5 . km]l/ k'/fgf] ;Qfaf6 pTkL8g juL{o ;fy;fy} hftLo / If]qLo cfwf/df g} x'“b} cfPsfn] h'g cfwf/df pTkL8g ePsf] xf] ToxL cfwf/df clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/]/ dfq ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g;S5 . lglZrt ¿kdf Oltxf;sf] ljsf;qmddf Pp6f hfltsf] d"n ynf]leq cGo hfltx¿sf] klg pNn]Vo dfqfdf a;f]jf; x'g k'u]sf] x'gfn] Pp6f hftLo /fHoleq cGo hfltx¿sf] clwsf/ xgg gx'g] a? ;'lglZrt x'g] s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg}k5{ . ;fy} Pp6f d"n hftLo /fHoleq cGo pkhftLo /fHo PsfOsf] Joj:yf x'g] s'/fnfO{ klg Vofn ug{'k5{ . To;/L g} Pp6f hfltsf] d'lQm csf]{ hfltsf] pTkL8g u/]/ x'“b}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{'kb{5 / ldl>t hflt ePsf /fHox¿leqsf cNk;ª\Vosx¿sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . ;a} hflt / If]qsf clwsf/x¿sf] af“8kmf“8 ;xdltsf] cfwf/df gof“ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gdf Jojl:yt ul/g] ePsfn] juL{o cfwf/df ljleGg hfltx¿ aLrsf] Pstf c¿ ;'b[9 x'g] s'/fdf ;a} ljZj:t /xg}k5{ .
pTkLl8t hflt / If]qx¿sf] d'lQm ;DalGwt hflt / If]qsf >ldsx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf dfq ;Dej 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg uDeL/tfk"j{s cfTd;ft\ ug{ h?/L 5 . vf;u/L s]xL ;do otf dw];Lnufotsf pTkLl8t hfltx¿sf] d'lQm cfGbf]ngdf Toxf“leqsf ;fdGt hldGbf/ / bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL k'“hLkltx¿n] >ldsju{af6 /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj xTofpg / cfk"mnfO{ pTkLl8t hfltx¿sf] gSsnL d;Lxfsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ h'g s;/t ub}{5g\, To;af6 tL hflt / If]qsf d'lQmsfdL hgtf ;ts{ /xg cfjZos 5 . lxhf];Dd PsfTds /fHosf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ / b]zL tyf ljb]zL k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQmx¿sf] uf]6L aGg]x¿ /ftf/ft hftLo d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf lxdfotL aGg vf]H5g\ eg] …bfndf s]xL sfnf] 5Ú eGg] ;a}n] a'‰g}kb{5 .
;ª\3Lotfsf] gLltM To;/L g} ;ª\3Lotfsf] d"n gLlt s] x'g;S5 < jf:tljs ;ª\3Lotfsf] ;fj{ef}d gLlt eg]sf] pTkLl8t hflt / If]qx¿sf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ / To; cfwf/df :j]lR5s Pstf xf] . xfdLn] klg ;xL cy{df /fHosf] nf]stflGqs k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ xf] eg] l;4fGttM of] gLltnfO{ :jLsfg}{kb{5 . k/Gt' g]kfnsf] 7f]; e"–/fhgLlts l:ylt / ljleGg pTkLl8t hflt / If]qx¿sf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf;sf] Go"g:t/nfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] gLltsf cfwf/df hftLo tyf If]qLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] sfo{qmd g} ;aeGbf j}1flgs / pko'Qm x'G5 . xfdLsxf“ :jtGq /fHox¿ :j]lR5s 9ª\un] ;ª\3Lotfdf cfj4 ePsf] ge} PsfTds /fHonfO{ ;ª\3Lo /fHox¿df k'gu{l7t ug{ nluPsf]n] ;'?;'?df of] gLlt / sfo{qmd cfTd;ft\ ug{ s]xL sl7gfO kg{ ;S5 . t/ o;/L dfq ;xL nf]stflGqs cfwf/df ;ª\3Lo /fHox¿ aLr gof“ / ;'b[9 Pstf sfod x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;a}n] dgg ug}{kb{5 .
hxf“;Dd cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/n] b]znfO{ ljv08glt/ n}hfg ;S5 eGg] s'/f 5,pTkLl8t hflt / If]qnfO{ :j]lR5s clwsf/ lbP/ cfh;Dd b'lgof“df s'g} klg b]z 6'lqmPsf] 5}g . a? pN6} To:tf] clwsf/ glbP/ anhÎtL af“w]/ /fVg vf]Hbf b]z 6'lqmg] u/]sf] 5 . h;/L ;DaGw–ljR5]bsf] clwsf/ kfPsf ;a} >LdtLx¿ >Ldfg\af6 cnu x'“b}gg\ . To;}u/L cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ kfPsf ;a} /fHox¿ s]Gb|af6 5'l§b}gg\ eGg] s'/f /fd|/L a'‰g h?/L 5 .
;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] :j¿kM ;ª\3Lotfsf] pko'{Qm cfwf/ / gLltcg'¿k b]zsf] /fHo ;+/rgf tLg tx -s]Gb|, :jfoQ u0f/fHo / :yfgLo tx_ x'g]5g\ . g]kfnnfO{ hftLo agf]6, ef}uf]lns cg's"ntf, eflifs cfwf/, cfly{s ;Defjgf cflbnfO{ Vofn ub}{ tTsfn lgDg adf]lhd P3f/j6f :jfoQ u0ftGq /fHo / tLleq c¿ yk pk–:jfoQ /fHo jf OsfOdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsg] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . tL x'g\– If]qLo cfwf/df u7g ul/Psf ;]tL–dxfsfnL /fHo / e]/L–s0ff{nL /fHo, tyf hftLo cfwf/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf du/f“t, yf?jfg, td'jfg, g]jfM, tfD;flnª, ls/f“t, lnDa'jfg, sf]lrnf / dw]; . oLdWo] dw];leq eflifs cfwf/df ldlynf, ef]hk'/f / cjw pk–/fHo lgdf{0f ug]{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .
– /fHox¿sf] ;Ldf cfk;L ;xdltdf hftLo agf]6, eflifs cfwf/, cfly{s ;Defjgf, ef}uf]lns cg's"ntf cflbnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 .
– Pp6f /fHoleq s'g} csf]{ hflt jf hfltx¿sf ;3g cl:tTj /x]sf Onfsf eP Toxf“ :yfgLo :t/sf :jfoQ Onfsfx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .
– g]kfndf xfn ;"rLs[t ul/Psf hghfltdWo] lxdfnLIf]qsf Jof“;L, lxdfnL -nfdf÷ef]6]_, z]kf{, ysfnL cflb, kxf8sf a/fd', e'h]n, r]kfª, 5Gt]n, b'/f, xfo', xof]Ndf], lh/]n, n]Krf, ;'g'jf/, yfdL cflb, leqL dw];sf dfemL–af]6], bg'jf/, b/fO{, s'dfn cflb / t/fO{sf lwdfn, emf“u8–ls;fg, d]r], d'08f–;Gyfn, sf]r–/fhj+zL cflbsf klg ;3g a;f]jf; ePsf 7fp“df :yfgLo :jfoQ Onfsf aGg ;Sg]5g\ .
clwsf/ / bfloTjM s]Gb|, /fHo / :yfgLo tx aLr clwsf/ / bfloTjsf] :ki6 af“8kmf“8 u/L ;+ljwfgdf g} ;"rLs[t ul/g]5 . h;cg';f/ ;Ldf ;'/Iff, ;}Go Joj:yfkg, j}b]lzs ;DaGw, cGt//fHo Jofkf/, df}lb|s gLlt / s]Gb|Lo a}+s, eG;f/ /fh:j, 7"nf hnljB't kl/of]hgf, /]Nj], xjfOdfu{, /fli6«o dfu{x¿, s]Gb|Lo ljZjljBfno, gfktf}n cflb s]Gb|sf] clwsf/ If]qleq /xg]5g\ eg] af“sL clwsf/ :jfoQ /fHox¿df /xg]5 . ;f]xL adf]lhd :yfgLo oftfoft, :yfgLo s/, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO, :yfgLo ;fwg;|f]t cflb dfly :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] clwsf/ /xg]5 .
s]Gb| / /fHo aLrsf] ;DaGw ;Gt'lnt / ;'dw'/ agfpg ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 . s]Gb|n] /fHo;DaGwL lg0f{o ubf{ /fHosf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;xdltdf / /fHon] lgdf{0f u/]sf sfg'gx¿ s]Gb|sf] ;xdltdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
zf;gk|0ffnL
Joj:yflksfM s]Gb|df b'O{ ;bgsf] / /fHodf Ps ;bgsf] Joj:yflksf /xg]5 . Joj:yflksfsf] ;b:o ;ª\Vof ;s];Dd ;fgf] /flvg]5 .
s]Gb|sf] tNnf] ;bgdf hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df k|ltlglw r'lgg]5g\ eg] pkNnf] ;bgdf ;a} /fHox¿af6 a/fa/ k|ltlglw r'lgg]5g\ .
sfo{kflnsfM s]Gb|df k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt sfo{sf/L /fi6«klt / Joj:yflksf ;b:ox¿af6 lgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqLsf] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
/fi6«kltn] /fi6«WoIf, ;]gf k|d'v / sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5g\ / k|wfgdGqLn] b}lgs ;/sf/ / k|zf;g ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{5g\ . /fHodf ueg{/ / d'VodGqLsf] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
GofokflnsfM tLg txsf] cbfntL ;+/rgf sfod ul/g]5 . s]Gb|df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, /fHodf pRr cbfnt / lhNnfdf lhNnf cbfnt /xg]5g\ . lhNnfsf] dftxtdf nf]s cbfnt jf d]nldnfk s]Gb|x¿ /xg]5g\ .
;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ uDeL/ sfg'gL k|Zg, ;+j}wflgs ljifox¿, cGt//fHo;DaGwL ljifox¿, /fli6«o ;|f]t ;fwgsf] af“8kmf“8 / pkof]u;DaGwL ljjfbx¿ / s]xL uDeL/ k|s[ltsf cGo ljifox¿ dfq x]g]{ cbfntsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .
pRr cbfntnfO{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/;lxt k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
7"nfnfO{ r}g / ;fgfnfO{ P]g /x]sf] jt{dfg Gofok|0ffnLdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ul/g]5 .
k|zf;lgs If]qM ;/sf/L k|zf;lgs ;]jfnfO{ s]Gb|Lo, /fHoLo / :yfgLo u/L tLg txdf ljefhg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
ljBdfg ;/sf/L k|zf;g -lghfdlt, hª\uL, k|x/L / cGo ;]jfx¿_ nfO{ hgpQ/bfoL, OdfGbf/, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{ agfpg] tyf ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs k4ltcg'¿k sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] agfpg ‘k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u’ u7g ul/g]5 .
;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] kfl/>ldsnfO{ cfk"m / cfk"mdf cfl>t kl/jf/hgsf] hLjg lgjf{xsf] nflu oy]i7 ¿kdf k'Ug] u/L j[l4 ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 / To;nfO{ d'b|f:kmLlt;“u cfj4 ub}{ nlug]5 .
/fli6«o ;'/IffM gof“ nf]stflGqs u0ftflGqs d"NodfGotf / kl/l:yltcg'¿k gof“ /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt to ug{ tyf ;'/Iff If]qsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug{ pRr :t/Lo ;'/Iff cfof]u u7g ul/g]5 .
jt{dfg ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] kf/Dkl/s ;f]rnfO{ k'gJof{Vof u/L /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;+oGqdf cfd gful/s cl3Nnf] kª\lQmdf / ;'/Iff ;+oGqx¿ ;xof]uLsf] ¿kdf /xg] lsl;dsf] /0fgLlt to ul/g]5 . ;]gfnfO{ Jof/]sdf y'gL /fVg' ;§f ljsf;–lgdf{0f;DaGwL /rgfTds sfddf nufpg] / ;]gfsf] ;fdflhsLs/0f ub}{ hgd'vL agfpg] gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 .
g]kfnL;]gfsf] nf]stfGqLs/0f / hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] Jofj;foLs/0f ub}{ oyf;So l56f] plrt 9ª\un] ;dfof]hg u/]/ gof“ /fli6«o ;]gf lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 . /fli6«o ;]gfdf ;a} hflt÷hghflt, pTkLl8t If]q, dlxnf, blntnufot ;a}sf] ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . ;]gfnfO{ r':t agfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ul/g]5 . !* jif{eGbf dflysf lglZrt pd]/;Ddsf :j:y gful/s ;a}nfO{ ;}lgs lzIff / tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
;ª\3Lo /fHok|0ffnLsf] gof“ cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ;}Goan s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] dftxt /xg]5 eg] :jfoQ /fHox¿n] cfcfÎgf] cw{–;}lgs an jf hgldlnl;of lgdf{0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;fy} ;Ldf ;'/Iff an, cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff an, jg ;'/Iff an, /fhdfu{ ;'/Iff an, u|fdL0f ;'/Iff an cflb k|0ffnLsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f ul/g]5 .
b]zdf xfn g]kfn, ef/t / a]nfotL ;]gfdf ;]jf u/L lgj[Q ePsf nfvf}+ e"=k"= ;}lgsx¿ /x]sf] x'“bf pgLx¿sf] cg'ej / IfdtfnfO{ /fli6«o lxtdf k|of]u ug{ ljz]if of]hgf agfOg]5 . ef/tLo / a]nfotL ;]gfaf6 lgj[Q ePsf e'=k"= ;}lgsx¿n] kfpg] k]G;gnufotsf ;'ljwfdf /x]sf] c;dfgtf x6fpg ljz]if kxn ul/g]5 .
gof“ g]kfnsf] cfly{s cfwf/
Jf:t'tM gof“ g]kfn eg]sf] ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L, ef]s, clzIff, k/lge{/tf, c;dfgtfaf6 d'Qm ;d'Ggt / cfTdlge{/ g]kfn xf] . To;}n] ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ cu|ufdL /fhgLlts kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt ug{'sf] ;fy;fy} b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ zlQm cfly{s ljsf;df s]lGb|t ul/g]5 . To;sf] lglDt ‘gof“ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg cy{gLlt’ (New Transitional Economic Policy) sf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/]/ cleofgfTds ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k b]z !) jif{df dWod:t/, @) jif{df pRr:t/ / $) jif{df clt pRr:t/sf] ljsf;sf] sf]l6df k'Ug]5 . o;sf nflu cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg cfly{s ljsf; of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g]5 . To;lglDt xfd|f] ;fdfGo dfu{lrq o:tf] x'g]5 M
;fdfGo ljsf; gLlt
;fdGtjfbL ;DaGwsf] cGToM g]kfnsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] lglDt d'Vo afws tTj eg]sf] ljljw If]qdf / d'VotM s[lifdf cBfjlw sfod /x]sf] ;fdGtjfbL pTkfbg ;DaGw g} xf] . b'O{ ltxfO >dzlQm clNem/x]sf] s[lifdf ;fdGtL pTkfbg ;DaGwsf ;a} ¿kx¿ h/}b]lv pv]n]/ gkmfnL g]kfnsf] cfly{s sfofkn6 / tLj| ljsf; ;Dej} 5}g . To;}n] …hldg hf]Tg]sf]Ú l;4fGtsf cfwf/df qmflGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/ sfof{Gjog ub}{ ;dfhsf ;a} If]qdf ljBdfg ;fdGtjfbsf cjz]ifnfO{ lgld6\ofGg kf/]/ tLj| cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ tof/ ul/g]5 . cGttM /fhgLlts qmflGt k"/f ge} cfly{s qmflGt ;kmn x'Gg eGg] tYonfO{ /fd|/L :yflkt ul/g]5 .
/f]huf/L;lxtsf] cfly{s j[l4M g]kfnsf] tLj| ljsf;sf] d"n cfwf/ eg]sf] k|r'/ hgzlQm g} xf], h'g clxn];Dd ls t k"0f{ a]/f]huf/ eP/ ljb]z ef}+tfl/O/x]5 ls k'/fgf] lgjf{xd'vL s[lifdf 6f“l;P/ 5b\d–a]/f]huf/L / cw{–a]/f]huf/sf] kL8f ef]lu/x]5 . k/Gt' cGt/f{li6«o ljQLo ;+:yfx¿åf/f nflbPsf] gj–pbf/jfbL cfly{s gLltn] b]zdf /f]huf/Lljgfsf] / ;Lldt ;x/ahf/ s]lGb|t gSsnL cfly{s j[l4 dfq} lbg] u/]sf] 5 . of] l:yltdf cfd"n kl/jt{g u/]/ hu]8f >d zlQmsf] clwstd ;b'kof]u x'g] u/L pTkfbgzLn >d / /f]huf/L k|wfg ljsf; gLlt cg';/0f ul/g]5 . To;/L dfq} cfly{s j[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofosf] ;Gt'ng sfod x'g]5 / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn 3/3/ / ufp“ufp“df k'Ug]5 . o;lglDt /fHo / cGt/f{li6«o ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] cf8df x's]{sf] cg'TkfbgzLn / k/hLjL gf]s/zfxL k'“hLjfbL ;DaGwsf] cGTo u/L pTkfbgzLn cf}Bf]lus k'“hLjfbL ;DaGw ljsf; ug{ hf]8 lbOg]5 .
;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/LM ljsf; lglDt cfjZos k'“hLsf] cefj k"lt{ ug{ / b]zleq} 5l/P/ /x]sf] k'“hLsf] clwstd ;b'kof]u ug{ ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ of]hgfj4 9ª\un] cl3 a9fOg]5 . 6]lnkmf]g, lah'nL, kfgL cflb j:t'sf pkef]Qmf / pBf]u Joj;fosf dhb'/x¿af6 ;f]xL ;+:yfg jf pBf]udf ;fgf z]o/ nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . /fHosf] g]t[Tj / kxndf :jb]zL jf ljb]zL lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ of] k|0ffnL g} gof“ cGtl/d cy{gLltsf] d]?b08 /xg]5 .
;xsf/L cleofgM xfd|f] h:tf] ;fgf] hldg jf k'“hLsf] :jfldTj ePsf dfG5]x¿sf] afx'No /x]sf] ;dfhdf PSnfPSn} eGbf ;xsf/L 9ª\un] cfly{s lqmofsnfk u/]/ dfq} jt{dfg c;dfg k|lt:kwf{Tds ljZjdf l6Sg ;Dej x'G5 . To;}n] ljljwvfn] pTkfbg, ljt/0f / ljQLo ;xsf/L ;+hfn b]z}e/ lj:tf/ u/]/ To;dfkm{t\ cfTdlge{/ ljsf; ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 .
lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] k|of]uM cfly{s pTkfbgsf ;a} If]qdf ;"rgf–;~rf/ / ;a}vfn] lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] cTolws k|of]u x'g] jt{dfg ljZj ;Gbe{df lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] plrt k|of]u u/]/ tLj| j[l4b/ xfl;n ug]{ k|oTg ul/g]5 . To;lglDt lzIff / dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;df ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 .
/fli6«o ;fwg;|f]tsf] clwstd k|of]uM cfTdlge{/ / tLj| ljsf; lglDt b]zleq} k|r'/ dfqfdf pknJw / ;fk]If nfe ePsf j:t' / If]q, h:t} hn, hldg, hª\un, h}ljs ljljwtf, hl8a'6L, hgzlQm cflbsf] clwstd k|of]u ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5 . To;lglDt s[lif pBf]u, ko{6g, hn;|f]t, ;]jf If]q / k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fnfO{ k|fyldstfsf If]q dflgg]5 .
s[lif / jgM hn, hldg / h}ljs ljljwtfdf b]z wgL ePsf], s[lif If]qdf ax';ª\Vos hgtf cfl>t ePsf] / s[lif pBf]udf t'ngfTds nfe k|fKt x'g] ePsfn] lgjf{xd'vL s[lif If]qsf] cfd"n kl/jt{g u/]/ Jofj;flos s[lifdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{' gof“ g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf; gLltsf] d'Vo k|fyldstf If]q x'g]5 .
;j{k|yd qmflGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . s[lifdf ;fdGtL e"ld–;DaGw, u}/xflh/ hldgbf/L cflbsf] k"0f{ cGTo ul/g]5 . jf:tljs hf]tfxf df]xL, d'Qm sd}of, e"ldxLg ls;fg, ul/a ls;fgnfO{ lgMz'Ns hldg ljt/0f ul/g]5 . t/fO{, kxf8 / lxdfndf km/s–km/s xbaGbLsf] ;Ldf ls6fg u/]/ nfu" ul/g]5 . ;fgf ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;xsf/Ldf ;ª\ul7t ul/g]5 . cfw'lgs 9ª\un] v]tL ug{, afnL ljljwLs/0f ug{ / Jofj;flos v]tL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . af“emf] s[lif e"ldnfO{ z'MNs nufpg] Joj:yf u/L pTkfbg a9fpg] sfo{df nfUg ;a}nfO{ clek|]l/t ul/g]5 .
d'n'ssf lglZrt :yfgdf cfGtl/s k|of]usf] lglDt cfjZos vfBfGg v]tL u/]/ af“sL If]qdf t'ngfTds Pjd\ k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe ePsf ljlzi6, cg'kd tyf pRr d"No, yf]/} jhg / sd cfotg ePsf s[lifhGo j:t' -h:t}, kxf8L e]udf a]df};dL t/sf/L, P]+;]n', sfkmn, d]n h:tf kmnkm"n, u'0f:t/o'Qm jf:gfbf/ dx, n'O“r], sflnh, 8f“km] h:tf r/fr'?ËL, hl8a'6L vfPsf rf}/+Lsf] b"w / rLh, lr;f] kfgLsf df5f, lr;f] kfgLsf] rfdn, ofrf{u'Djf, kf“rcf}n]nufotsf lxdfnL hl8a'6L cflb_ sf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg u/L lgof{t ug{ clek|]l/t ul/g]5 . s[lif,kz'kfng, kmnk"mn v]tL, df5fkfngnfO{ PsLs[t 9ª\un] pBf]usf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . s[lif pBf]unfO{ b]zsf] k|d'v cfly{s If]qsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .
dWokxf8sf 7"nf 6f/ / leqL dw]; tyf t/fO{df jif{e/ l;~rfOsf] lglDt ljz]if of]hgf agfP/ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . b]zleq kml6{nfOh/ -dnvfb_ sf/vfgf, s[lif cf}hf/ sf/vfgf :yfkgf ul/g]5 . bIf s[lif hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
s[lif pkhx¿sf] ahf/ / e08f/0fsf] nflu s[lif ;8s / zLt e08f/x¿sf] ;~hfn lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . ls;fgx¿nfO{ cfºgf pTkfbgsf] Go"gtd -;dy{g_ d"No pknJw u/fpg] ljz]if sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g]5 .
t/fO{ / dWokxf8sf ;dy/ Onfsfafx]s b]zsf] clwsf+z e"efudf h}ljs ljljwtfcg's'nsf] jg tyf h8La'6L v]tL ul/g]5 / To;nfO{ /fli6«o pBf]usf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . o;lglDt ;Dk"0f{ b]zsf] e"–pkof]u of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ul/g]5 . gbL lgoGq0f / e"–;+/If0fsf] lj:t[t of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
s[lif If]qdf C0f shf{ ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf cltl/Qm e"ld ljsf; a}+s, n3' tyf 3/]n' ljsf; a}+s cflbsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . e"ldxLg tyf ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf] C0f ldgfxf ul/g]5 . dWod ls;fgsf] C0fsf] Jofh ldgfxf ul/g]5 .
kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ljz]if Wofg lbOg]5 / To; ljk/Lt x'g] ultljlwnfO{ s8fOk"j{s /f]lsg]5 . /f;folgs dn / ljiffbLsf] ;§f h}ljs / k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
ko{6g tyf pBf]uM ko{6gnfO{ gof“ cfly{s ljsf; gLltsf] pRr k|fyldstfdf /flvg]5 . t/fO{b]lv pRr lxdfn;Ddsf] h}ljs ljljwtf, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s ljljwtfsf] pRrtd k|of]u u/L ko{6gsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . u|fdL0f ko{6g, lxdfnLo tyf kj{tLo ko{6g, kof{–ko{6g, hnofqf ko{6g, kbofqf ko{6g, b[Zofjnf]sg ko{6g, wfld{s ko{6g, :jf:Yo ko{6g, z}lIfs ko{6g, v]ns'b ko{6g, ;f+:s[lts ko{6g OToflb ljljw ko{6gsf ¿kx¿sf] ljsf; u/L ljb]zL ko{6sx¿ cfslif{t ul/g]5 . xfn jif]{gL % nfv hlt ljb]zL ko{6s cfpg] u/]sf]df ;f] ;ª\VofnfO{ bz jif{leq @) nfv;Dd k'¥ofpg] k|oTg ul/g]5 . Nxf;f;Dd cfPsf] /]n sf7df8f+} x'“b} n'lDagL;Dd lj:tf/ / l;d/f tyf n'lDagLdf cGt/f{li6«o Po/kf]{6 / sf7df8f+}–x]6f+}8f kmf:6 6«ofs -;'?ªdfu{_ lgdf{0f u/L 6'l/:6sf] ;ª\Vof Tof]eGbf klg a9L u/fpg k|oTg ul/g]5, h;n] b]zsf] cy{tGq g} sfofkn6 ug]{5 . o;lglDt ef/t / rLg aLrsf] 6'l/:6x¿sf] k|jfxnfO{ g]kfn x'“b} ;~rfng ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 .
/fli6«o cf}Bf]lusLs/0fnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . ;aeGbf klxn] ?U0f pBf]ux¿nfO{ k'gM ;~rfng ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 . ljb]zLx¿;“u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;sL clwsf+z pBf]u w/f;foL x'“b} uPsf] l:yltdf /fli6«o pBf]uwGbfx¿nfO{ ljz]if ;+/If0f lbg] gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . ljnfl;tfsf j:t'x¿sf] cfoftnfO{ lg?T;flxt u/]/ :jb]zL k'“hL :jb]zL cf}Bf]lus nufgLdf nufpg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux¿nfO{ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . ljz]iftM cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug]{ pBf]udf nufgL ug{ ljb]zL nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ :jfut ul/g]5 . pBf]udf %! Kf|ltzt :jb]zL nufgL x'g] ;+o'Qm nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . ef/t / rLgsf] 7"nf] ahf/nfO{ dwogh/ u/L vf;vf; blIf0fL / pQ/L ;LdfjtL{ Onfsfdf lgof{td"ns pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ …ljz]if cfly{s If]qÚ :yfkgf ul/g]5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 lelqg] 7"nf] lak|];g (remittance) sf] /sdnfO{ cf}Bf]lus If]qdf nufpg k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . >ldsx¿nfO{ pBf]usf] Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg u/fP/ / pBf]ux¿sf] z]o/ dhb'/x¿nfO{ klg ljt/0f u/]/ dhb'/–Joj:yfkg aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w ldqjt\ 9ª\un] xn ug]{ k|oTg ul/g]5 .
hn;|f]t tyf hnljB'tM hn;|f]t / hnljB'tsf] ljsf;nfO{ gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] Ps k|d'v cfwf/ agfOg]5 . hnljB't cfof]hgfnfO{ l;~rfO, oftfoft, cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ ;x/L ljsf;;“u Psfsf/ u/L cufl8 a9\gsf nflu cfufdL !) jif{;Dd hnljB't ljsf;nfO{ Ps cleofgsf] ¿kdf nlug]5 . cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfP/ cfufdL !) jif{df !) xhf/ d]3faf6 ljB't pTkfbg ul/g]5 .
;fgf tyf demf}nf hnljB't of]hgf cfGtl/s nufgLaf6 / 7"nf tyf lgof{td"ns of]hgf ljb]zL nufgLaf6 ;DkGg ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ul/g]5 . hnljB't ;Defjgfdf ;+;f/sf] bf];|f] wgL dflgg] b]zdf em08} cfwf lbg nf]8;]l8ª ug{'kl//x]sf] lj8Djgfk"0f{ l:yltnfO{ cGTo ug{ b]zleq} 5l/P/ /x]sf ;fgf k'“hL ;ª\sng u/L ;fgf tyf demf}nf hnljB't cfof]hgfdf nufgL ug{ ljz]if kxn ul/g]5 . ljB't / kfgL pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ g} cfof]hgfsf] z]o/ ljt/0f u/]/ k'“hL ;ª\sng ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5 .
u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 / cfufdL bz jif{df ;a} ufp“x¿df lah'nL lat/0f ul/g]5 .
sf]zL, u08sL / s0ff{nLdf dxfef/t z[ª\+vnfdf af“w afw]/ jf ;'?ª vg]/ ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{nfO{ l;~rfO gx/ ;~hfnn] hf]8\g] of]hgf k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . kxf8sf gbL lsgf/sf 7"nf 6f/x¿df lnº6 l;~rfO, gx/ cflb ljljw tl/sfn] :yfoL l;~rfOsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . jiff{sf] kfgL ;~ro u/]/ lxp“bdf k|of]u ug{ 7"nf7"nf kf]v/Lx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ ljz]if cleofg ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf ;x/Ls/0fM ‘gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/, cfw'lgs ef}lts k"jf{wf/’ sf] gf/fnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;"qjfSo agfOg]5 . ljsl;t ef}lts k"jf{wf/ljgf gof“ g]kfnsf] sNkgf ;kgf dfq x'g] ePsfn] ;8s, /]ndfu{, /f]k–j], vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf, cfjf; tyf ;x/Ls/0f h:tf ljifodf pRr k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . ljutdf vfln sf7df8f}+ / ef/tLo l;dfgfsf ;x/ hf]8\gdf dfq hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf]df PsLs[t / ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] lglDt lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{nfO{ tyf k"j{ / klZrdnfO{ hf]8\g ljz]if Wofg lbOg]5 . ;fy} ;ª\3Lo 9f“rfcg'¿k :jfoQ /fHox¿sf /fhwfgLnfO{ Ps csf{;“u hf]8\g / Toxf“ Jojl:yt ;x/L ljsf; ug{ hf]8 lbOg]5 .
;Dk"0f{ b]zsf] e"–pkof]u of]hgf;lxt PsLs[t ljsf;sf nflu cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg of]hgf lgdf{0f u/]/ aL; jif{leq b]zsf] d'xf/} kl/jt{g ug]{ u/L ;8s, /]n dfu{, ;'?ª dfu{, /f]k–j] / ;x/Ls/0fsf] a[xb\ ;~hfn lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . ;j{k|yd dWokxf8af6 k"j{–klZrd hf]8\g] ;8s dfu{ k"/f ul/g]5 . t/fO{df k"j{b]lv klZrd hf]8\g] ljB'tLo /]ndfu{ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . leqL dw];af6 k"j{–klZrd hf]8\g] ;8s dfu{ k"/f ul/g]5 . ef/t / rLg aLrsf] ultzLn k'nsf] sfd ug]{ u/L k"j{, dWo / klZrdsf % jf ^ j6f pQ/–blIf0f ;8s dfu{ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . Nxf;faf6 sf7df8f+} x'“b} n'lDagL;Dd /]ndfu{ lj:tf/ ug]{ kxn ul/g]5 .
u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ljz]if Wofg lbOg]5 . vf;u/L ;'b"/ klZrdsf lk5l8Psf kxf8L lhNnf, s0ff{nL k|b]z / dWo tyf k"j{ kxf8L lhNnfx¿df ;8s ;~hfn lj:tf/ ug{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . kxf8L If]qdf ;8s lgdf{0f ubf{ xl/t ;8s lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbOg]5 . oftfoftnfO{ pTkfbg;“u hf]8]kl5 dfq To;n] jf:tljs hgtfnfO{ ljsf;sf] kmn k'¥ofp“5 eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbOg]5 . % jif{leq ;a}nfO{ z'4 lkpg] kfgL ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
hftLo tyf If]qLo :jfoQ u0f/fHox¿ k|To]sdf Ps Ps j6f gd'gf ;x/sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 / &% j6} lhNnfx¿df PsLs[t gd'gf ljsf;sf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]/ b]z}e/ To:tf] df]8]n lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . 5l/Psf ufp“x¿nfO{ cfw'lgs ;'ljwf;lxt PsLs[t u/]/ ;3g j:tL ljsf; ul/g]5 . ;'s'Djf;Lx¿nfO{ :yfoL cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
sf7df08f} pkTosfsf] PsLs[t ljsf; of]hgf agfP/ jt{dfg clgolGqt lj:tf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . sf7df8f+} pkTosf aflx/ :of6]nfO6 ;x/x¿sf] ljsf; u/]/ / sf7df8f}+–x]6f}+8f kmf:66«ofs -;'?ªdfu{_ lgdf{0f u/]/ sf7df8f+}sf] cfk|jf;gsf] rfknfO{ lgolGqt ul/g]5 . d]nDrL cfof]hgf cfufdL % jif{leq k"/f u/]/ sf7df8f+}sf] vfg]kfgL ;d:of bL3{sfnLg ¿kn] xn ul/g]5 eg] j}slNks ;|f]tx¿ / ljBdfg ;|f]tx¿ ;d]tsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg tyf kl/rfng u/L cfufdL Ps jif{leq vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{nfO{ ;xh t'NofOg]5 .
b'u{d lhNnfx¿ Hff]8\g] xjfOdfu{ / /f]k–j] -/Hh'dfu{_ nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . kxf8L lhNnfx¿df xjfO oftfoft ;'ud / ;/n agfOg]5 .
ljQ, jfl0fHo / cfk"lt{M ;fgf ls;fg / 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿nfO{ cfjZos shf{ ;xh 9ª\un] pknJw u/fpg n3' ljQ of]hgfx¿ / ljz]if a}ª\lss Joj:yf ul/g]5 . 5fglagsf] cfwf/df v/fa C0fLaf6 s8fOsf ;fy C0f c;'nL ug{ / lgot /fd|f] ePsf C0fLx¿nfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ug{ Ps pRr:t/Lo 5fglag cfof]u u7g ul/g]5 . hgo'4sf] qmddf kLl8t ;fgf ls;fg tyf pBdLx¿sf] C0f / cfd kLl8t hg;d'bfosf] lah'nL dx;'n ldgfxf ul/g]5 .
k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ / cGo b}lgs pkef]usf j:t'sf] ;'ky / ;xh ljt/0fsf] cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
dhb'/, ;'s'Djf;L / u/LjLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfnfO{ cTofjZos j:t'x¿ ;'ky d"Nodf ljt/0f ug]{ ;fj{hlgs ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;fy} ;xsf/L k;nx¿ vf]Ng ljz]if k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
e|i6frf/, d"Noj[l4, t:s/L, sfnf]ahf/L /f]Sg hg;d'bfonfO{ ;d]t kl/rfng u/]/ k|efjsf/L sbd rflng]5 .
lxdfnL e]usf hgtfsf] cTofjZos j:t'x¿sf] cfk"lt{df /x]sf] c;'ljwfnfO{ Wofg lb+b} ltAat -rLg_ ;“usf gfsfx¿ Vff]Ng ljz]if kxn ul/g]5 .
>d tyf /f]huf/LM 7fp“7fp“df >d ljlgod s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g]5 / z}lIfs tyf u}/–z}lIfs j]/f]huf/x¿sf] nut tof/ ul/g]5 . pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/L gkfP;Dd
a]/f]huf/x¿nfO{ lhpg nfos a]/f]huf/L eQf lbOg]5 . :j/f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ rfxg]x¿nfO{ ljgflwtf] shf{ pknJw u/fOg]5 .
b]zsf] cToflws cltl/Qm >dzlQmnfO{ Wofg lb+b} /fHosf] tkm{af6 cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg >dk|wfg ljsf; lgdf{0f of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . cj:yf x]/L …sfdsf nflu vfBfGgÚ jf …sfdsf nflu >d–aG8Ú jf …>d–z]o/Ú h:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5, h;df >dsf] cf+lzs Hofnf ;/sf/L aG8 jf z]o/df lbOg]5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 cfPsf] ljk|]if0fsf] /sd ;ª\sng u/L b]zleq} /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
>ldsx¿sf] Gofof]lrt xs, lxt / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ;+/If0f ug{ >lds ;ª\u7gx¿af6 k|fKt ;'emfjsf cfwf/df >dgLlt clVtof/ ul/g]5 .
gof“ g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts cfwf/M– …gof“ g]kfn, ;'lzlIft, ;';+:s[t / :j:y g]kfnÚ sf] gf/fnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbg ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0fsf] a[xb\ u'?of]hgf agfP/ o'4:t/df sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
lzIff, ;+:s[lt tyf v]ns'bM– ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] sfo{;"rL cg's"n ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu of]Uo gful/sx¿ tof/ ug]{ lx;fan] gof“ lzIff gLlt lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . xfn lzIffdf JofKt Jofkf/Ls/0fsf] cGTo ul/g]5 / ;a}nfO{ sIff !@ ;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . lzIffdf ;a}sf] df}lns clwsf/ :yflkt ul/g]5 . pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{ rfxg]x¿nfO{ ljgflwtf] ;/n C0f pknJw u/fOg]5 .
/fHosf] tkm{af6 Jofks ;fIf/tf cleofg ;~rfng ul/g]5 / kf“r jif{leq lg/If/tf k"0f{ ¿kn] pGd"ng ul/g]5 .
lzIffnfO{ hLjg / pTkfbg;“u hf]l8g]5 . k|fljlws / kf]ln6]lSgs lzIffnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 . cf}krfl/s lzIffaf6 al~rt 7"nf] hg;ª\Vof / ljz]iftM bz jif]{ hgo'4sf] bf}/fgdf qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg o'jfo'jtLx¿nfO{ lzIffdf kx'“r k'¥ofpg v'nf ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnox¿sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . ltgdf Jofjxfl/s 1fgaf6 xfl;n lzIffnfO{ ;d]t …cfhLjg lzIffÚ sf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbg] ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
k|To]s :jfoQ /fHodf sd;]sd Ps ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ul/g]5 . s[lif tyf jg, Ol~hlgol/ª, d]l8l;g, ;"rgfk|ljlw, Joj:yfkg cflb If]qdf cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf ljlzi6 lzIf0f tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf u/]/ ljb]zL ljBfyL{ tyf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{ ;d]t cfslif{t ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5 .
;flxTo, snf, ;+:s[ltsf] ;+j4{g / ljsf;sf] nflu /fHon] ljz]if of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] th{'df ug]{5 . ;flxTo, snf, ;ª\uLt / rnlrqsf] ;d'lrt ljsf;sf nflu k|lti7fgx¿sf] k'gu{7g Pjd\ :yfkgf ul/g]5 . ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ljs[lt / lj;ª\ultsf lj?4 ljz]if cleofg ;~rfng u/L /fli6«o, nf]stflGqs, j}1flgs ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g]5 . hgo'4 / hgcfGbf]ngsf ;|i6f ;lxbx¿sf] ljz]if ;Ddfgsf nflu kxn ul/g]5 .
;a} k|sf/sf v]ns'bsf] ljsf;sf] nflu PsLs[t of]hgf agfP/ nfu" ul/g]5 . :s'n / ufp“÷6f]n txb]lv g} v]ns"bsf] ljsf;df ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 . cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf v]nf8Lx¿nfO{ /fHon] ljz]if ;+/If0f / ;Ddfgsf] Joj:yf ug]{5 .
:jf:Yo ;]jfM– :jf:YonfO{ ;a}sf] df}lns clwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt ul/g]5 / …;a}sf nflu :jf:YoÚ sf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . ;a}nfO{ cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo;]jf lgMz'Ns pknJw u/fOg]5 .
:jf:YosdL{ pTkfbg ubf{ Pnf]k]lys, cfo'j]{lbs, xfdf]k]lys, o'gfgL, PSo'k+r/, PSo'k|];/, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f tyf of]u;DaGwL 5'§f5'§} / PsLs[t sn]hx¿ :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
k|To]s ufp“ ljsf; ;ldltdf slDtdf klg Pp6f Pnf]k]lys :jf:Yo rf}sL, cfo'j]{lbs lrlsT;f s]Gb| / k|fs[lts lrlsT;f s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
d'n'ssf] ljleGg ko{6sLo If]qdf ;'ljwfo'Qm c:ktfn :yfkgf ug{ lghL tyf ;fd'bflos If]qnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/L ljb]zLx¿nfO{ cf}ifwf]krf/ ko{{6gsf] nflu cfdGq0f ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 .
hl8a'6L k|zf]wg gu/L lgsf;L ug]{ sfo{nfO{ aGb ul/g]5 / ;ª\slnt hl8a'6L k|zf]wg ug]{ ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfM– dlxnfnfO{ k}t[s ;DklQnufot ;dfh, cy{tGq / /fHosf x/]s If]qdf ljz]if clwsf/;lxt ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] Uof/]G6L ul/g]5 . Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf / /fHo;Qfsf] d]?b08 dflgg] ;]gf, k|x/Lnufotsf] ;'/Iff lgsfodf ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf sfod ub}{ hfg] gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 .
hUufwgL nfnk"hf{ / gful/stfdf dlxnf k'?if b'j}sf] gfd pNn]v ug]{ k|fjwfg :yflkt ul/g]5 . dlxnfx¿nfO{ k]zfdf lgjf{w 9ª\un] nfUg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|x¿sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . dlxnf, kfl/jfl/s tyf afn cbfnt u7g ul/g]5 .
blntM– blntx¿dfly x'g] 5'jf5't nufotsf ;a} e]befjx¿sf] k"0f{ cGTo ul/g]5 . k"/} b]znfO{ 5'jf5't d'Qm Onfsf 3f]if0ff ul/g]5 / 5'jf5't ug]{x¿dfly dfgjtf lj?4 ck/fwsf] s8f sfg'gL sfaf{xL ul/g]5 .
/fHoåf/f cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs, k|zf;lgs, ;}lgsnufot hLjgsf ;a} If]qaf6 blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ;'lglZrt 9ª\uaf6 k5fl8 kfl/Psf] x'“bf c¿ ;d'bfo;/x ;a} If]qdf ;dfg gxf]p~h]n;Dd /fHon] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{5 . of] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] gLlt / ljlwnfO{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ljz]if lgodåf/f Jojl:yt ul/g]5 .
jfbL ;'dbfosf jfWofTds of}g k]zfdf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;;Ddfg k'g:yf{kgf ul/g]5 .
o'jfM– o'jfx¿sf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu Jojl:yt of]hgf agfpg Ps pRr:t/Lo o'jfcfof]usf] u7g ul/g]5 .
;f]x| jif{ k'u]sf o'jfx¿nfO{ dtflwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . o'jfx¿sf] af}l4s tyf zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf nflu /fHoåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/M–:jtGq / lgikIf k|];sf] kIfkf]if0f ul/g]5 . :jtGq k|];dflysf] ;a} k|sf/sf] x:tIf]knfO{ lgif]w ul/g]5 . ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . >dhLjL kqsf/ P]gnfO{ tbf?stfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
;~rf/dfWodsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ;DaGwL gLltsf] ;/nLs/0f ul/g]5 . ;~rf/dfWodsf] ;~rfng ug{sf] lglDt lng] Ohfhtkq / gjLs/0f;DaGwL k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh agfpgsf] nflu ;DalGwt sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg ul/g]5 .
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf o;} cfly{s jif{df ;a} uflj;x¿df k'¥ofOg]5 . df]jfOn ;]jfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfp“b} d'n'se/ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
g]kfnL rnlrq pBf]usf] ;+j4{g / ;+/If0fsf] nflu /fli6«o rnlrq gLlt zL3| lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM–lj1fg tyf k|fljlws lzIffnfO{ k|fylds txb]lv ljZjljBfno tx;Dd ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
d'n'ssf k|To]s :jfoQ /fHodf slDtdf Pp6f ax'd'vL k|fljlws tflnd s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L ;fIf/ hg;d'bfonfO{ Jofks ¿kdf k|lzIf0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
gof“ k|ljlw ljsf; ug]{ k|ljlw ljz]if1nfO{ cfly{s cg'bfgsf ;fy} k|ljlw ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
j}1flgs tyf k|fljlws k|ltef knfog (Brain Drain) /f]Sg /fHosf] tkm{af6 ljz]if sfo{qmd NofOg]5 .
;lxb kl/jf/, a]kQf kl/jf/ / o'4sf 3fOt]M– bzjif]{ dxfg\ hgo'4 / hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmddf zxfbt k|fKt ug]{x¿sf] :d[lt / ;Ddfgdf /fHosf] tkm{af6 ljz]if of]hgf / sfo{qmd NofOg]5 . ;lxbsf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ plrt /fxtsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 / 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ljZjljBfno :t/;Dd lgMz'Ns k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
hgo'4sf] qmddf a]kQf kfl/Psfx¿sf] 5fglag u/L ;TotYo kQf nufpg Ps pRr :t/Lo cfof]usf] u7g ul/g]5 . ;f] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df bf]ifLx¿dfly s8feGbf s8f sfaf{xL ul/g]5 . a]kQf kfl/Psfx¿sf] kl/jf/nfO{ /fHon] plrt /fxt k|bfg ug]{5 / 5f]/f–5f]/LnfO{ ljZjljBfno:t/;Dd lgMz'Ns k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yf ug]{5 .
hgo'4sf 3fOt]x¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf /fHon] ug]{5 . 3fOt]x¿nfO{ plrt ;Ddfg / /fxtsf] Joj:yf /fHon] ug]{5 .
ckfª\uM– ckfª\ux¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf /fHo / ;dfhsf ;a} cª\ux¿df k|ltlglwTj u/fOg]5 .
;a} k|sf/sf ckfª\ux¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;Ddfg / /f]huf/Lsf nflu /fHon] ljz]if sfo{qmdsf] th{'df ug]{5 .
d'l:ndM– d'l:nd nfdf] ;dob]lv g]kfndf a;f]jf; ub}{ cfPsf] pTkLl8t cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo ePsfn] pgLx¿nfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/;lxt /fHo, ;dfh / cy{tGqsf ;a} If]qdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj u/fOg]5 .
d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] ;du| lxt / ljsf;sf] nflu Ps zlQmzfnL /fli6«o d'l:nd cfof]u u7g ul/g]5 .
Ho]i7 gful/sM– Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] ;dfhk|lt of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{ /fHon] lb+b} cfPsf] dfl;s eQfnfO{ ;Ddfgk"0f{ hLjg ofkg ug{ k'Ug] u/L j[l4 ul/g]5 . pgLx¿sf[ cg'ej, 1fg / ;Lksf] ;b'kof]u ug{ tyf pgLx¿sf ljlzi6 ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ /fHon] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{5 .
t];|f] lnª\uLM–;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL of}lgs tyf n}ª\lus cNk;ª\Vosx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] jf:tljs klxrfg;lxt gful/stfsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . pgLx¿sf ljlzi6 ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ /fHon] ljz]if Wofg lbg]5 .
-ª_ ljljw
kof{j/0fM– k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f, lbuf] pkef]u Pjd\ cfjZos kg]{ k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] k'gM:yfkgf ;DaGwdf ljz]if sfo{qmd NofO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
g]kfn kIf ePsf jftfj/0f;DaGwL dxf;GwLx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
dfcf]jfbL / s= k|r08 g} lsg <
cfb/0fLo lbbLalxgL tyf bfh'efOx¿,
olta]nf tkfO{+n] P]ltxfl;s km};nf ug]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . tkfO{sf] cufl8 tLgyl/ zlQm plePsf 5g\– k|ltudgsf/L, oyfl:yltjfbL / cu|udgsf/L . ltgsf] ;xL klxrfg u/]/ PSsfO;f}+“ ztfJbLsf] g]kfnnfO{ s'g lbzfdf 8f]¥ofpg lbg] xf] < tkfO{+n] km};nf ug{'k/]sf] 5 .
klxnf], /fhtGqjfbL k|ltudgsf/L zlQm . hgo'4 / hgcfGbf]ngn] To;nfO{ cfo{3f6 k'¥ofO;Sbf klg To;n] dg]{ a]nfdf v'§f tfg]/ dg]{ b':;fx; ul//x]sf] 5 . dw];L, hghfltnufotsf pTkLl8t hgtfsf] hfoh c;Gt'li6sf] vf]n cf]9]/ To;n] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg ef“8\g] / cfÎgf] u'd]sf] :ju{ lkmtf{ ug]{ hdsf]{ ul//x]5 . cfufdL lbgdf klg To;n] yk u8a8L dRrfpg] k|oTg ug{;S5 . t/ s] tkfO{+ of] b]zsf] Oltxf;sf] kf+u|f] c9fO;o jif{ k5fl8 kmsf{pg rfxg'x'G5 < pxL aa{/ ;fdGtL lg/ª\s'ztf kms]{sf] / of] b]z k'gM eLif0f u[xo'4sf] e'“d/Ldf km;]sf] x]g{ ?rfpg'x'G5 < xfdLnfO{ ljZjf; 5– tkfO{+ Tof] rfxg'x'Gg dfq xf]Og, cfjZos k/] To;sf lj?4 lg0ff{os d'7e]8df pqg;d]t tof/ x'g'x'G5 .
bf];|f], ;+;bjfbL oyfl:yltjfbL zlQm . of] zlQm b]z clxn] hxf“ 5, ToxL+ /flv/fVg rfxG5 . d'VotM g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / Pdfn]sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] zlQmn] cd"t{ nf]stGqsf] s'/f t u5{, t/ pm;“u of] b]zsf] tLj| cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f / /fli6«otfsf] /Iffsf] s'g} Ph]G8f 5}g . ljut %& jif{df / kl5Nnf] !& jif{df o;n] k6sk6s ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf] 5 t/ p;n] b]zdf cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] s'g} k|Tofe"lt lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . r'gfjsf] j]nf lrNnf s'/f u/]/ hgtfnfO{ e|ddf kfg{ l;kfn' of] zlQmn] cu|udg / k|ltudg b'j}nfO{ …cltjfbÚ eGb} cfk"mnfO{ ;db'/Ldf /fv]/ cfÎgf] oyfl:yltjfbL rl/qsf] k'li6 ul/;s]sf] 5 . s] tkfO{+ pg} k'/fgf ljrf/ / dfG5]nfO{ cl3 ;f/]/ k'/fg} c;kmntf / lg/fzfsf] Oltxf; bf]xf]¥ofpg rfxg'x'G5 < xfdLnfO{ ljZjf; 5– o;k6s tkfO{+x¿n] k'glj{rf/ ug{'x'g]5 .
t];|f], qmflGtsf/L cu|udgsf/L zlQm . g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] of] b]zeQm, u0ftGqjfbL / jfdkGyL zlQmn] /fli6«otf, u0ftGq / cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] Ph]G8f;lxt b]zdf ;du| cu|udgsf] kIfkf]if0f ub{5 . b]z / hgtfsf] lglDt bzf}+xhf/ alnbfg x'g tTk/ / gof“ qmflGtsf/L ljrf/n] cf]tk|f]t dfcf]jfbL zlQm;“u dfq} gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0f ug]{ ;fx; / zlQm 5 eGg] cfh ;f/f ;+;f/n] elg/x]sf] 5 . gof“ g]kfnsf] lglDt gof“ ljrf/ / gof“ g]t[Tjsf] vf“rf] dfcf]jfbLåf/f dfq k"/f x'g;S5 eGg] Jofks hgdt /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] cWoIf s= k|r08sf] g]t[Tjdf g]skf-dfcfjfbL_ gof“ o'usf] gof“ lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ tkfO{+;dIf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . gof“ u0ftflGqs g]kfnsf] k|yd /fi6«kltsf] pDd]bjf/sf ¿kdf xfdLn] gof“ ljrf/, ;fx; / ;'ema'emsf wgL cWoIf s=k|r08nfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5f}“ . xfdLnfO{ ljZjf; 5–tkfO{n] To;sf] cg'df]bg ug{'x'g]5 / eGg'x'g]5– ;a}nfO{ x]¥of}“+ k6sk6s, dfcf]jfbL / k|r08nfO{ x]/f}“+ o;k6s †
cflv/ dfcf]jfbL / s= k|r08 g} lsg < lsgls
– h;sf] ljrf/ xf] p;}sf] g]t[Tjdf dfq Tof] sfof{Gjog x'g;S5 . ;+ljwfg;ef, u0ftGq, /fHosf] ;ª\3fTds 9f“rfdf ¿kfGt/0f h:tf dfcf]jfbLn] p7fPsf Ph]G8f dfcf]jfbLn] dfq sfof{Gjog ug{ ;S5 .
– h;n] o'4df bzf}+xhf/sf] alnbfg ug]{ ;fx; u¥of], p;n] g} zflGtsf] hgcfsfª\Iff klg k"/f ug]{ ;fx; ug{ ;S5 . hg;d'bfosf] kl/jt{g / zflGtsf] cfsfª\Iff k"/f ug{ dfcf]jfbL k"0f{ k|ltj4 5 .
– dfcf]jfbL b]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, :jfwLgtf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] /Iff ug{ / b]zsf] lglDt s'g} klg alnbfg ug{ tTk/ 5 .
– dfcf]jfbL b]zdf juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}ª\lus d'lQm;“u;“u} hgd'vL ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ s[t;ª\slNkt 5 .
– dfcf]jfbL a[xb\ cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f;lxtsf] gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{ k|ltj4 5 .
– dfcf]jfbL b]zsf ;a} b]zeQm, u0ftGqjfbL / jfdkGyLx¿ aLr gof“ cfwf/df gof“ /fli6«o Pstf sfod ug{ k|ltj4 5 .
– dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 / hgcfGbf]ngsf bzf}+“xhf/ dxfg\ ;lxbx¿, xhf/f}+ a]kQFx¿ / xhf/f}+ 3fOt]x¿sf] ;kgf k"/f ug{ k|ltj4 5 .
– dfcf]jfbL g]kfnL hgtfsf cfzfsf s]Gb| cWoIf s=k|r08dfkm{t\ gof“ g]kfnn] vf]h]sf] gof“ g]t[Tj lbg tTk/ 5 .
/fli6«otf, u0ftGq / cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fk|lt k"0f{ k|ltj4 g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] of] k|ltj4tfkq PSsfO;f}+“ ztfJbLdf gof“ ;d'Ggt g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] k|ltj4tfkq xf] . ;a}vfn] b]zL tyf ljb]zL k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQmx¿sf] if8\oGqnfO{ lrb}{ cf;Gg ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf of] k|ltj4tfkqnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]/ b'j} dtkqdf /x]sf ls;fg / dhb'/sf] d'lQmsf] k|tLs uf]nfsf/leqsf] x“l;of–xyf}8f lrGxdf dtbfg ug{ / gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] 9f]sf vf]Ng xfdL ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL lbbLalxgL, bfh'efO / a'afcfdfx¿df xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}“ . sy+sbflrt k|ltufdL tTjx¿n] of] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg x'g glbg] if8\oGq u/] eg] klg ;zQm hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;[li6 u/]/ of] k|ltj4tfkqsf] cfwf/df gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] cleofgdf cl3 a9\g xfdL yk cfu|x klg ub{5f}“ .
Hfgtfsf] lht ;'lglZrt 5 . :jfledfgL b]zsf] lht ;'lglZrt 5 . hgtfsf] lht dfcf]jfbLsf] lht † dfcf]jfbLsf] lht b]z / hgtfsf] lht † wGojfb †
s]xL gf/fx¿
– hgo'4 / hgcfGbf]ngsf] Pp6} dGq, :jfwLg / hgd'vL ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq
– g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] kl/sNkgf, ;d'Ggt gof“ u0ftflGqs g]kfnsf] :yfkgf
– g]kfnL hgtf Ps eP hgd'vL u0ftGqsf] gf/fn], Dffcf]jfbL /f]Hb} 5g\ zf]lift–pTkLl8t ;f/fn]
– /fli6«otf / u0ftGq, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] d"n dGq
– lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/, ;a} g]kfnLsf] df}lns clwsf/
– ;a}nfO{ x]¥of}“+ k6sk6s, dfcf]jfbLnfO{ x]/f}“+ o;k6s
– gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] klxnf] cfwf/, Dffcf]jfbLsf] g]t[Tjdf b]zeQm / u0ftGqjfbLsf] ;/sf/
– gof“ g]kfnsf] gof“ g]t[Tj, u0ftflGqs g]kfnsf k|yd /fi6«klt s= k|r08 .
@)^$ kmfu'g
g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_
s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt
-cGo /fhgLlts bnx¿sf r'gfjL 3f]if0ff–kqx¿ qmdzM k|sfzg ul/g]5 .–;+=_
