g]dlskfsf] r'gfjL 3f]if0ffkq
lbbLalxgL tyf bfh'efOx¿,
b]zsf] d"n sfg'g jf ;+ljwfg agfpg hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;ef g} ;+ljwfg;ef xf] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:odf lgjf{lrt x'g] k|ltlglwx¿ b]z / hgtfk|lt c;n Pj+ OdfGbf/ x'g' cfjZos 5 . hgtfsf] dt lng dL7f–dL7f cfZjf;gx¿ af“8\g] / lgjf{rgdf lhlt;s]kl5 b]z / hgtfsf] lxt ljk/Lt sfd u/L cfPsf /fhgLlts bn / k|ltlglwx¿n] b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jf gug]{ s'/f k|i6 5 .
;+ljwfg;ef ;fwg dfq xf], ;fWo xf]Og . ;+;f/sf w]/} b]zsf ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;efaf6 agfOPsf 5g\ . t/ tL ;+ljwfgx¿n] b]z / hgtfsf] Jofks lxt ug{ ;s]gg\ . g]kfndf klg ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;fdGt / k"“hLklt ju{sf] clwsf/ af“8kmf“6df ;Lldt ug]{ k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . o;af/] g]kfnL hgtf ;r]t x'g' cfjZos 5 .
g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{n] cfkm\gf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} Ifl0fs lxt xf]Og b]z / hgtfsf] bL3{sfnLg lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL g]kfnsf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf ;}4flGts :ki6tfsf] nflu cfjfh p7fp“b} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf/0f g]dlskf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ klg juL{o / /fhg}lts ;+3if{sf] ba'sf] ?kdf pkof]u ug{ rfxG5 / hgtfsf] /fhg}lts r]tgf:t/ gfKg] Jof/f]ld6/sf] ?kdf lnG5 .
zf;s kf6L{x¿ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqaf6 hgtfsf ;a} ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g] bfaL ub}{5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 aGg] ltgLx¿sf] gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] ?k/]vf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf klg emNs]sf] 5 . ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL g} k|hftGq / ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrttf xf]Og, g t nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g} sfdbf/ hgtfsf] k|hftGq xf] . hgcfGbf]ngsf a]nf lj/fd / uNtL :jLsf/ u/]sf / hgtf;fd" Ifdf dfu]sf zf;s kf6L{x¿ k'gM ;Qf efuj08f / n'5fr'“8Ld} km;]sf 5g\ .
;/sf/df uPsf kf6L{x¿n] @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] dd{ / efjgf cg'?k sfd u/]gg\ . hgcfGbf]ng bafpg]dfly dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/ sf/jfxL ePg . /fhg}lts / ;fdflhs ck/fwLx¿n] 7"n7"nf k"“hLjfbL kf6L{x¿df k|j]z kfP . To;sf/0f ;/sf/ / k|zf;g emg\ emg\ ck/fwdf d'l5b}5g\ .
hgtf ;fd" lbPsf cfZjf;gx¿ k"/f u/]gg\ . ;Qfsf] nflu ;f+;b / dGqLx¿nfO{ ljb]z eufP, k|f8f] / kh]/f]df km;] . e|i6frf/ a9\of], b]z xfxfsf/df 8'Aof] / dx+uL a9\of] . dfcf]jfbL lgoGq0f ug]{ lgx"“df ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . k|ltudgsf/Lx¿n] 6fpsf] p7fpg] df}sf kfP . kmn:j?k @)%( h]i7 * ut] /ftL k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g;+u} b]zdf k|ltudg z'? eof] . @)%( ;fpgdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] Dofb ga9fO{+bf b]z hgk|ltlglw ljxLg eof] . b]znfO{ k|ltudgaf6 hf]ufP/ k|hftflGqs k|s[ofdf kmsf{pg g]dlskfn] csf]{ lgjf{rg geP;Dd :yfgLo lgsfo / ;+;bdf hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] k'gj{xfnL x'g'kg]{df hf]8 lbof] . ;+;bsf] k'gM:yfkgf eof] t/ zf;s kf6L{x¿n] :yfgLo lgsfosf] k'gM:yfkgf u/]gg\ . o;n] t/fO{nfO{ czfGt agfpg cfuf]df £o" yKof] .
zf;s kf6L{x¿sf] b]z / hgtflj/f]wL sfdb]lv cfqmf]lzt g]kfnL hgtf k|ltudglj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf tbf?stfsf ;fy ;xefuL x'g rf/ jif{ nfUof] . hgtfsf] cfGbf]ng pl7;s]kl5 ‘s'6g}lts bafj’ df cfGbf]ng aLrdf t'xfpg] sfd eof] . ;/sf/df guO{ af“Rg} g;Sg] bnx¿ ‘k|ltudg cfwf ;lRrof]’ / ‘k"/f ;lRrof]’ eGb} /fhfsf] dgf]gLt ;/sf/df uP . !* c;f]h @)%( sf] /fhfsf] sbdsf] lj/f]w klg ug]{ / /fhfsf] dgf]gogsf] ;/sf/df klg hfg] tL bnx¿sf] bf]wf/] tyf rd]/f] rl/q hgtfdfem pbf+luof] .
g]dlskf rf/ bnsf] ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng cufl8 a9fpg ;lqmo eof] . !( df3 @)^! df /fhfn] b]pjf / Pdfn] ;/sf/nfO{ lj36g u/L cfkm\g} cWoIftfdf dGqLd08n u7g u/] . /fhfsf] k|ltufdL ;/sf/df ;fd]n x'g] Pdfn] / tTsfnLg g]=sf+ -k|_ n] hgtf;fd" dfkmL dfUg'kg]{ c8fg /fVb} g]dlskfn] k|ltudglj?4 @)^! r}q !* ut]af6 PSn} cfGbf]ng z'? u¥of] . cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf g]dlskfsf y'k|} g]tf / sfo{stf{x¿ 3fOt] eP, h]n, g]n / lx/f;tdf b'Mv kfP . hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmddf ;/sf/df uPsf bnx¿n] cf–cfkm\gf uNtL :jLsf/ u/L uNtL gbf]x¥ofpg] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/] .
k|ltudgsf] lj/f]wdf @% a}zfv @)^@ sf lbg ;ft bnsf] ;femf ;xdlt 3f]if0ff eof] / ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng z'? eof] . ljb]zL zlQmx¿n] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;dy{gsf] gfp“df 7"nf bnx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] Ozf/fdf lx+8fP . g]dlskfn] ljb]zLsf] e/df xf]Og g]kfnL hgtfs} e/df cfGbf]ng p7fpg'kg]{ c8fg /fVof] . & d+l;/ @)^@ df ;ft bn / dfcf]jfbL aLr !@ a'“bfsf] ;femf ;xdlt eof] . To;kl5 k|ltudglj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf ef/tsf] rnv]n a9\of] . @$ r}qaf6 hgcfGbf]ngdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf a9\of] . p7\b} u/]sf] hgcfGbf]ng !! a}zfv @)^# sf] lbg /fhfsf] ;Daf]wg;+u} aLr}df 6'l· of] . g]dlskf afx]s ^ bnsf] ;/sf/ u7g eof] .
g]dlskfn] ;/sf/df uPsf dGqLx¿n] ‘s]–s] sfd ug'{x'G5 / s]–s] ug'{ x'“b}g’ eGg] ls6fg ug'{kg]{ c8fg /fVof] . o;nfO{ a]jf:tf ubf{ ^ bnsf] ;/sf/ efuaG8fdf ;Lldt eof] . ljb]zLnfO{ gful/stf lbg] P]g / vfg]kfgL lghLs/0fsf] gfddf ljb]zL sDklgnfO{ lbg] P]g kfl/t ul/of] . o;sf] lj/f]wdf ;+;bdf g]dlskf PSn}n] dtbfg u¥of] .
! df3 @)^# sf lbg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L eof] / Joj:yflksf–;+;b u7g eof] . !* r}q @)^# sf] lbg g]dlskf afx]s dfcf]jfbL ;lxtsf] ;ftbnsf] cGtl/d ;/sf/ u7g eof] . cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] Go"gtd sfo{qmd / dGqLx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ ul/of] . ;/sf/df a:g] bnx¿aLr /fhb"t, pks'nklt, /lhi6f/, dxfk|jGws cflb kbsf] efuaG8f ul/of] . hgcfGbf]ng bafpg]x¿dfly sf/afxL ul/Pg . /fodfemL cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg sfuhdf ;Lldt eof] . ck/fwLx¿ 7"n7"nf kf6L{x¿af6} ;+/lIft eP . e|i6frf/, cefj, j]/f]huf/L, nf]8;]l8· , dx+uL cflb ;d:ofdf s'g} sdL cfPg . /fhfsf] k|ltufdL ;/sf/ / cGtl/d ;/sf/aLr s'g} leGgtf b]lvPg .
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf aGbf]j:t ul/Psf lgMz'Ns lzIff / :jf:Yo pkrf/, /f]huf/Lsf] ;'lglZrttf, vfB ;Dk|e'tf / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt h:tf dxTjk"0f{ ljifox¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ sfg'g agfOPg . e"ldxLgx¿nfO{ hldgsf] aGbf]j:t / czQm Pj+ ckf· x¿sf] aGbf]j:ttkm{ cGtl/d ;/sf/n] Wofg lbPg . u0ftGqsf] gf/f lbg] kf6L{x¿sf] cGtl/d ;/sf/n] lgnlDat /fhfsf] nflu s/f]8f}+ ah]6 Joj:yf u¥of] . o;sf/0f gof“ ;+ljwfgdf zf;s kf6L{x¿af6 7"nf] cfzf ug]{ 7fp“ 5}g .
;/sf/df a;]sf bnx¿sf g]tfx¿sf] a/f]a/ ef/t e|d0f / ef/tLo b"tfjf;df jftf{ / /fhgLlts k/fdz{n] g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k / ;fj{ef}ldstfdfly lyrf]ldrf] x'g] sfd ePsf] :ki6 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgfdf ef/tn] PstkmL{ agfPsf af“w / t6aGwx¿n] g]kfnsf] xhf/f}+ lj3f e"ld hndUg ePsf] 5 / xhf/f}+ g]kfnLsf] pl7jf; ePsf] 5 . t/ ;/sf/df a:g] kf6L{x¿ nfrf/ eP/ ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf] cufl8 3'“8f 6]Sb} uP .
k"“hLjfbL Joj:yfsf] x/]s lgjf{rgdf kb, k};f, kz'an / ;Qfsf] b'?kof]u x'G5 . of] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg klg To;af6 d'Qm x'g] 5}g . 7"n–7"nf k"“hLjfbL bnx¿af6 ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg cfrf/ ;+lxtf xfsf–xfsL pn+3g eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf/0f g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{n] lgjf{rgdf gp7\g] cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿sf] :jtGq lgjf{rg ;/sf/ u7gsf] cfjfh p7fPsf] xf] .
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqdf klg sfdbf/ ju{dfly ;fdGt / k"“hLklt ju{sf] zf]if0f / lyrf]ldrf] oyfjt x'G5 . s]xL JolQm wgL / c;+Vo hgtf u/Lj x'g]5g\ . /fi6«klt jf k|wfgdGqLsf] gfddf gof“ vfGbfgL ju{ / ‘lgjf{lrt /fhf’ :yfkgf x'g]5 . kmn:j?kM hgtfdf c;Gtf]if a9\b} hfg]5 / ltgLx¿sf] lj/f]wdf gof“–gof“ ;+3if{ / cfGbf]ng rfn" x'g]5g\ .
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq elgg] k"“hLjfbL u0ftGqn] dfgj hfltsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Q}mg . ^) jif{ eGbf klxn]b]lv ef/t, kfls:tfg, j+unfb]z, >Ln+sf cflb b]zx¿df nf]stflGqs u0ftGq rfn" 5 . t/ hgtfsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ePsf 5}gg\ . hgtfsf ;a} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;dfhjfbL u0ftGq g} cfjZos 5 . ;dfhjfbL u0ftGq g} sfdbf/ ju{sf] k|hftGq xf] . o;sf/0f ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ sfdbf/ hgtfsf] cfjfh p7fpg] k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;efdf kl/0ft ug{ ;a} sfdbf/ hgtf ;r]t x'g cfjZos 5 .
!= ;+3 /fHo
g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{n] !%÷!^ jif{b]lv ;bg / ;8sdf :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ :jfoQtfsf] clwsf/ lbg] / ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] l;4fGt nfu" ug{ nufpg cfjfh p7fp“b} cfPsf] xf] .
;Qfdf a;]sf /fhb/jf/b]lv lhNnf sfof{no;Ddsf dGqL, ;lrj, dxfk|aGwsb]lv xflsdx¿ tyf /fhg}lts kf6L{sf g]tfx¿df ePsf] v; 7"nf] /fi6« cx+sf/jfb, kIfkft, x]nf–xf]rf] tyf e|i6frf/sf] sf/0f b]zsf b'u{d lhNnf / t/fO{ tyf hft–hflt / efiff–efifLx¿ cnu /fHo k|fKt gu/];Dd cfkm\gf] pGglt gx'g] tyf cfkm\gf] ;Gtlt p“ef] gnfUg] 6'+uf]df k'u] . b]z of] l:yltdf k'Ug'df cfh;Dd ;Qfdf k'u]sf ;a} /fhg}lts bnx¿ / To;sf g]tf tyf dGqLx¿ lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . ltgLx¿ slxNo} hgtfk|lt lhDd]jf/ ePgg\ / ltgLx¿df slxNo} bL3{sfnLg ;f]r knfPg tyf ;/sf/sf] kl/jt{g;“u} dflyNnf sd{rf/Lx¿ x6fpg] -:KjfOn l;i6d_ k|0ffnLk|lt klg slxNo} uDeL/ ePgg\ .
g]dlskfn] /fhwfgL bf· df ;fg]{, b]zsf] 7"nf] ah]6 sf7df8f}+ / df]/· df dfq nufpg gx'g] tyf ;Gt'lnt ljsf;df Wofg lbg'kg]{af/] cfjfh af/Daf/ p7fof] . t/ ;Qfdf a;]sf 7"nf bnsf g]tfx¿ / v; 7"nf] /fi6« cx°f/jfbLx¿sf] 3}+6f]df slxNo} 3fd nfu]g . o;sf/0f v; 7"nf] /fi6« cx°sf/jfbsf] s]Gb| lg/ª\s'z /fhtGqsf] lj/f]wdf b]z p7\of] .
/fhtGq ;Lldt ;fdGt ju{sf] kl/jf/x¿sf] xfnLd'xfnL x'g] tyf cToGt ax'dt hgtf /fHo k|zf;gaf6 kLl8t /xg] x'“bf k'/fgf] aGbf]a:t PlSnb} hfg], if8\oGq, 5n5fd tyf rfs8L r'u'nLsf] k|tLs x'“bf /fhtGq o'u cg'?k gx'g' :jefljs xf] . dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s ljsf;df af“b/sf] k'R5/ x/fP h:t} dfgj ;dfhsf] ljsf;df lg/ª\s'z /fhtGq lanfp“b} hfg' :jefljs 5 . o;sf/0f ef]lnsf] g]kfn /fhfljgfsf] /fHo Joj:yf x'g]5 . g]dlskf sfdbf/ hgtfsf] x}sd, zf]if0flj?4sf] clwsf/ tyf cfly{s ;dfgtflt/ pGd'v ;dfhjfbL u0ftGqsf] kIfdf pleG5 . g]dlskf ;dfhjfbL u0ftGq pGd'v aGbf]j:tx¿ ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z u/fpg hf]8 lbG5 .
g]kfndf e"uf]nsf] cfwf/df ag]sf] c~rnnfO{ g} k|fGtx¿sf] ?k lb+bf Jojxfl/s x'g]5 . cyjf /fHox¿sf] ljefhg ;+ljwfg;efdf 7"nf] 5nkmnkl5 ;+ljwfg;efn] lg{Sof]n ug]{5 .
/Iff, k//fi6«, oftfoft, ;~rf/, d'b|f, cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, lj1fg / k|ljlw, x'nfs, eG;f/ cflb s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/df lgxLt x'g]5 .
s[lif, pBf]u, lzIff, :jf:Yo, /fHo :t/sf] oftfoft, 3/]n' / s'6L/ Joj;fo, k|fGtLo s/, efiff / snf–;+:s[lt cflb /fHo ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf x'g]5 .
@= sfo{kflnsf
g]kfndf slxn] lg/ª\s'z /fhtGq t slxn] b'O{ kf6L{ tfgfzfxL /x\of] tyf eljiodf tLg kf6L{sf] tfgfzfxL x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . tL 7"nf bnx¿sf] tfgfzfxL, kIfkft / efua08fn] ;f/f hgtf cfqmfGt 5g\ . o;sf/0f 7"nf bnsf] tfgfzfxL / efua08fn] g]kfndf cl:y/tfsf] ;Defjgf 68\sf/f] 5 .
b]zsf] l:y/ k|zf;gsf] lglDt hgtfsf] k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] /fi6«kltsf] aGbf]a:t ul/g' kb{5 . /fi6«kltn] lgjf{rgdf ;b/ dtsf] %! k|ltzt lnPsf] x'g' kb{5 . /fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf] cg's'ntfdf Ps dGqL kl/ifb\ agfpg ;Sg]5 . k|ltlglw;ef /
/fli6«o ;efsf] s'g} klg ;b:o dGqL x'g]5}g . dGqLx¿ /fi6«kltk|lt lhDd]jf/ x'g]5g\ . /fi6«kltsf] sfo{sfn % jif{sf] x'g]5 .
/fi6«klt æ/fi6« k|d'vÆ, æ;/sf/ k|d'vÆ / ;]gfsf] æ;]gf cWoIfÆ x'g]5 .
b]zsf] e"–cv08tfnfO{ cf“r cfpg] sfo{ x'g] ePdf jf b]zsf] Pstfdf afwf kfg]{ jf cf“r cfpg] sfo{nfO{ /f]Sg /fi6«kltn] ;DalGwt k|fGtLo ;/sf/ / k|fGtLo ljwfg;efnfO{ ;d]t e· u/L /fi6«ktLo zf;g nfu" ug{ ;Sg]5 .
#= Joj:yflksf
Joj:yflksf b'O{ ;bgfTds x'G5 . s_ dflyNnf] ;bg jf hfthfltsf] /fli6«o ;ef v_ tNnf] ;bg jf k|ltlglw ;ef .
dflyNnf] ;ef hfthfltsf] ;ef -House of Nationalities_ x'g]5 . k|fGtx¿af6 r'lgPsf tLg–tLg hgf ;b:ox¿af6 dflyNnf] ;bgsf] lgdf{0f x'g]5 . Tof] ;bg :yfoL ;bg x'g]5 .
k|ltlglw;efn] b]znfO{ cfjZos / ;do ;'xfp“bf] ljw]osx¿ lgdf{0f ub{5 . k|ltlglw;efsf] sfo{sfn % jif{sf] x'g]5 . k|ltlglw;efsf] r'gfj ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj -MMPR_ sf] cfwf/df x'g]5 . of] k|0ffnLdf hg;+Vof / e"uf]n -lgjf{rg If]q_ sf] ;Djf]wg x'G5 .
• b'a} ;bgsf] ;+o'Qm a}7sdf /fi6«kltn] ah]6 k|:t't ug]{5 .
• ;bgx¿sf] a}7s /fi6«kltsf] cfx\jfgdf a:g]5 / a}7ssf] cGTo x'g]5 .
• b'j} ;bgsf] ax'dtn] /fi6«kltnfO{ ;r]t / ;hu kfg]{5 .
• b'j} ;bgsf] ;+o'Qm a}7ssf b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtn] /fi6«kltnfO{ dxfcleof]u kfl/t ug]{5 .
• k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o;efsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|Tofx\jfg ug{] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
$= k|fGtLo ljwfg;ef
s_ k|fGtLo ljwfg;ef Ps ;bgsf] x'g]5 / To;sf ;b:ox¿ e"uf]n / hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df dtbftfx¿af6 lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ .
v_ k|fGtLo ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] sfof{jlw $ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
u_ k|fGtLo ljwfg;efn] cf–cfkm\gf] k|fGtsf] hflt, efiff–efifLx¿sf] efjgf / cfjZostf cg';f/ snf, ;+:s[lt, efiff / ;flxTosf] ljsf;af/] ljw]osx¿ kfl/t ug]{5 .
3_ k|fGtLo ljwfg;efn] cf–cfkm\gf] k|fGtsf] k|d'v dGqL r'Gg]5 / k|d'v dGqLn] dGqLx¿sf] rog ug]{5 .
ª_ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/af6 lgo'Qm ul/Psf k|fGtLo k|d'v clwsf/L -ueg{/_ n] s]Gb| ;/sf/ / k|fGtLo ;/sf/sf] aLrdf k'nsf] sfd ug]{5 .
r_ k|fGtLo ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|Tofx\jfgsf] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
%= Gofokflnsf
s_ s]Gb| / k|fGtsf] aLrsf] ljjfb, ;+j}wflgs ljifo / k|fGtx¿sf] dfemsf] ljjfbsf] l5gf]kmfgf] / lg0f{o ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ug]{5 .
v_ x/]s k|fGtsf] cf–cfkm\gf] k|wfg–cbfnt x'g]5 .
u_ k|fGtsf] k|wfg–cbfntsf] dftxtdf lhNnf cbfntx¿ x'g]5g\ .
3_ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] >d cbfnt, pkef]Qmf cbfnt, dlxnf cbfnt / cGo cbfnt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 .
^= ;+:s[lt ;+/If0f
s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ jf k|fGtLo ;/sf/x¿n] s'g} lglZrt If]q, gu/ jf ufp“nfO{ Toxf“sf] k['/ftflTjs / P]ltxfl;s :df/s ;+/If0f ug{ tyf Toxf“ snf–;+:s[lt, efiff, hflt Pj+ kl/ronfO{ hf]ufpg ;f+:s[lts If]q, gu/ jf ufp“ 3f]if0ff ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . To:tf ;f+:s[lts If]qdf cGo 7fp“sf gful/sx¿n] crn ;DklQ lsGg gkfpg] sfg'gL aGbf]j:t ul/g] 5 .
&= bf]xf]/f] gful/stf
sf7df8f}+df clgolGqt a;f]af;sf] sf/0f vfg]kfgLsf] xfxfsf/ eof], jftfj/0f k|b"lift eof] / ck/fw ;+Vofdf a[l4 eof] . ;dfhdf a9\b} uPsf] c/fhstfn] Jofks hgtf kLl8t ePsf] / o:t} cJoj:yf cGo If]qdf klg km}lng] ;DefjgfnfO{ /f]Sg /fli6«o / k|fGtLo u/L bf]xf]/f] gful/stfsf] cfjZostf 68\sf/f] b]lvPsf] 5 .
*= k|fs[lts ;|f]t–;fwgaf/]
/fli6«o:t/sf k|fs[lts ;|f]t–hn;|f]t, vlgh, jgh· n / ljZj ;Dkbf s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /xg]5 . o;sf] ;+/If0f, ;+Da4{g / ljsf; s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] ug]{5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t–;fwgaf/] ljb]z;+u ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ ;+o'Qm ;bgsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtdf s]Gb| ;/sf/n] dfq ug]{5 .
k|fGtLo :t/sf cGo ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ k|fGtLo ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /xg]5 .
(= gful/ssf] df}lns clwsf/
;+ljwfgsf] juL{o ?k, To;sf] k|:tfjgf / df}lns Pj+ /fhg}lts clwsf/x¿af6 k|i6 x'G5 . g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{n] k]zf, Joj;fo, 3'dlkm/, cfkm\gf] dft[efiff af]Ng kfpg], cfkm\gf] ljZjf; cg';f/sf] wd{ dfGg kfpg], ;fdflhs ;+3–;+:yf vf]Ng kfpg] h:tf df}lns clwsf/sf ;fy} ;/sf/sf] lj/f]w ug{ kfpg], cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] /fhg}lts bz{g / /fHo–Joj:yfsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ kfpg], /fhg}lts bnx¿ vf]Ng kfpg], dtbfg ug{ kfpg] / cfkm\gf] OR5f cg';f/ lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] h:tf /fhg}lts clwsf/x¿ ;+ljwfgdf ls6fg ug{] 5 .
g]dlskf jfs :jtGqtf, k|]; :jtGqtf tyf cGo dfgj clwsf/x¿ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v u/fpg hf]8 lbg]5 .
g]kfnsf] jt{dfg P]g–sfg'g / /Llt–l/jfhcg';f/ !^ jif{sf] o'jf jflnu x'G5 cyf{t\ ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] lglDt of]Uo x'G5, ;DklQsf] xsbf/ x'G5, cbfntdf pleG5, clGtd ;+:sf/ / wfld{s sfo{sf] lglDt of]Uo x'G5 . o;sf/0f g]dlskfn] k~rfotsfnb]lv g} !^ jif{sf] o'jfn] dtflwsf/ kfpg'kg]{ / !* jif{sf] pd]/df :yfgLo lgsfodf pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg'kg]{ ljifo p7fp“b} cfPsf] ;j{ljlbt} 5 .
;+ljwfg;efaf6 aGg] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns clwsf/df tn n]lvPsf Joj:yfx¿ pNn]v ug{ hf]8 lbg]5 M
s_ zf]if0f lj/f]wsf] clwsf/,
v_ JolQmTj ljsf;df ;dfg cj;/,
u_ /f]huf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ‘of]Uotf cg';f/sf] sfd / sfd cg';f/sf] Hofnf’ sf] aGbf]j:t,
3_ k|fylds sIffb]lv pRr df=lj= lzIff;Dd clgjfo{ / pRr lzIff lgMz'Ns,
ª_ !* jif{sf x/]s g]kfnL gful/sx¿nfO{ clgjfo{ ;}lgs tflndsf] aGbf]j:t,
r_ Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{ hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttf / ‘cfb/ lgs]tg’ sf] ;'ljwfsf] clwsf/,
5_ b'w] afn–aflnsfsf] lglDt lzz'zfnf / v]Ng] afn–aflnsfsf] lglDt afn–pBfgsf] aGbf]a:t uflj; / gu/kflnsfsf] j8f, sn–sf/vfgf, sfof{no cflbdf clgjfo{ u/fpg],
h_ pkrf/lagf s'g} JolQm dg{ gk/f];\ eGg] p2]Zon] ;a} gful/sx¿nfO{ ;dfg ?kn] lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug]{,
em_ 6'x'/f–6'x'/L, ckf· , ljwjf, lj/fdL / cfkmGtljgfsf c;xfo gful/sx¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] hLjgsf] ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{,
`_ a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿nfO{ eQfsf] aGbf]j:t,
!!_ v]ns'b / zf/Ll/s lzIffsf] aGbf]j:t,
!@_ /f]huf/, lzIff / :jf:Yosf] ;x'lnot cflbdf cf–cfkm\gf] k|fGtsf gful/sx¿n] ljgf e]befj sfd / ;]jf kfpg] df}lns xssf] ;'lglZrttf x'g]5 .
pk/f]Qm df}lns xssf] ;fy;fy} ;+ljwfgdf tn n]lvPsf k|fjwfgx¿ /fVg hf]8 lbOg]5M
s_ hgtfsf] hLjg / b]zsf] lglDt cToGt dxTjk"0f{ pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿ / ;]jf ;fdflhsLs/0f / /fli6«os/0f ug]{,
v_ k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, Uof“; / vfg]kfgLh:tf b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'x¿ tyf ;]jfx¿nfO{ /fli6«os/0f ug]{,
u_ ‘h;sf] hf]t p;sf] kf]t’ ;'lglZrt x'g] ul/ qmflGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/ nfu" ug]{,
3_ g]kfnL gful/ssf] ;DklQsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{,
ª_ g]kfnL gful/sn] ljb]zdf ;DklQ /fVg gkfpg],
r_ b]zsf] %) k|ltzt ah]6 :yfgLo lgsfodfkm{t\ ljsf;–lgdf{0f ug{ lbg],
5_ k|fs[lts >f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] ;lGw–;Demf}tf ;+;bsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 x'g'kg{],
h_ ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz / cGo GofofwLzx¿ GofofwLzx¿af6 lgjf{lrt ug{] Joj:yf ug]{,
em_ g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|wfg;]gfklt ;DalGwt clws[tx¿af6 lgjf{rg ug{] / u/fpg],
`_ hgkb / ;z:q k|x/Lsf k|x/L dxflg/LIfsx¿ ;DalGwt k|x/L clws[taf6 lgjf{rg ug{] / u/fpg],
6_ /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df dhb'/ / ls;fgsf] ;xeflutf x'g] Joj:yf ug]{,
7_ /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf sfdbf/ ju{sf dlxnfx¿sf] %! k|ltzt ;xefuL ;'lglZrt ug{],
8_ lk5l8Psf] If]q / o'uf}+b]lv zf]lift kLl8t ePsf hgtfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] .
!)= gful/ssf st{Jox¿
g]kfnsf x/]s gful/sn] b]zaf6 clwsf/ dfq kfpg] 5}gg\ a? x/]s gful/sx¿sf] b]z / hgtfk|lt st{Jo klg kfng ug'{ kg]{5 .
s_ x/]s g]kfnL gful/s b]zsf] :jtGqtf, :jfwLgtf / ;fj{ef}ldstfnfO{ cf“vfsf] gfgLnfO{ h:t} hf]ufpg st{Jolgi7 /xg],
v_ cfkm\gf] b]zsf] /Iff / lxtsf] lj/f]wdf ljb]zLx¿nfO{ u'Kt //Iff dfldnfsf] ;"rgf lbg] / hgtfsf] lxtljk/Lt sfd ug]{ b]zb|f]xL / hgb|f]xLaf/] /fHonfO{ ;"rgf lbg],
u_ x/]s gful/sn] hftLo, If]qLo / efiffut d]nldnfk / ;b\efjgfsf] lglDt sfo{/t /xg] tyf b]zsf ljleGg efiff, ;flxTo, snf / ;+:s[ltnfO{ dfof / cfb/ ug]{,
3_ b]zsf] e"–cv08tf / ;Ldfsf] ;'/Iffsf] lglDt x/]s gful/s :jo+;]js x'g ;bf tTk/ /xg],
ª_ :jb]z / ljb]zdf /xg] x/]s gful/s cfkm\gf] b]z / hgtfsf] lglDt cf–cfkm\gf] If]q jf an / j'l4 dfkm{t of]ubfg lbg tTk/ /xg] /
r_ 6'x'/f–6'x'/L, ckf· , lj/fdL, lawjf / Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] / c;xfo gful/sx¿sf] ;]jfdf ;xof]u ug'{ ;a} gful/ssf] st{Jo x'g] .
!!= dlxnfx¿sf] lxtdf
;dfhsf] cfwf–cfsfz 9fs]sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ gofF o'usf] cleofgdf;“u} nfg b]zn] s]xL jif{sf] lglDt dlxnf P]g cyjf gofF P]g–sfg'gsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{5 . To;sf] lglDt ;+ljwfgd} pNn]v ug'{kg]{ x'G5M
s_ x/]s k|f}9 dlxnfx¿nfO{ clgjfo{ lzIff;“u} /f]huf/sf] aGbf]j:t ;DalGwt k|fGt, lhNnf, gu/ / uflj;n] ug]{5,
v_ dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;'Ts]/L cufl8 / k5fl8 tna / Hofnf;lxtsf] ljbf aGbf]a:t ug]{5,
u_ af]S;Lsf] cf/f]k nufO{ dlxnfnfO{ kL8f lbg] / 3/]n' lx+;fnfO{ /f]Sg s8f sfg'g agfOg]5,
3_ dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljb]zdf nuL a]Rg], Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsf] gfddf 7uL ug]{ / em'7f] cfZjf;g lbO{ unt 7fp“df ljjfx u/Llbg] JolQmx¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{;“u} s8f ;hfosf] aGbf]j:t ul/g]5 .
!@= b]zsf] cy{gLlt
s_ ;fdGtL e"–:jfldTjs} sf/0f cToGt cNkdt ;fdGt / hldGbf/ ju{sf] xftdf b]zsf] v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] :jfldTj sfod 5 . To;n] b]zsf ls;fg hf]tfxfx¿sf] 7"nf] efu ul/jLdf 5g\ / v]tLsf] pTkfbsTj ;fx|} Go"g 5 . e"ldsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f / v]tLsf] pTkfbg j[l4sf] lglDt qmflGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/ nfu" u/L ‘hdLg hf]Tg]sf]’ :jfldTjdf lbg] gLlt lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
v_ b]zsf] cy{tGq s]xL e"ldklt / k"“hLkltx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] x'“bf cToGt ax'dt hgtf ul/jL / cefjdf 56\kl6Psf 5g\ eg] cNkdt wgf9\o / ;De|fGt ju{sf] xftdf c;Lldt ;DklQ y'lk|Psf] 5 . ;DklQsf] ;Ldf tf]Sg] aGbf]j:t gx'“bf ;dfhdf cfly{s ljifdtf a9]sf] 5 eg] ;dfhdf zf]if0f lj/f]wL efjgf klg ljikmf]6s 9+un] cufl8 a9\b}5 .
o;sf/0f hgtfsf] hLjgdf k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ pTkfbgsf dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgx¿ / ;]jfx¿ tyf Jofkf/nfO{ lghL If]qaf6 /fli6«os/0f jf ;fdfhLsLs/0f ug'{ kg]{ 68\sf/f] 5 .
b]zsf] o:tf] cfly{s ljifdtf / clgolGqt l:yltdf ljZj a}°, cGt/f{li6«o d'b|fsf]if, ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g jf cGo ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿nfO{ ljgf /f]stf]s g]kfndf :jfut u/L b]znfO{ ;fd|fHojfbLx¿sf] gofF pklgj]z agfpg lbg] ljrf/nfO{ pbª\Uofpg' kb{5 .
u_ ;'uf}nL;lGwdf g]kfn xf/]kl5 g]kfnL uf]vf{nLx¿ dfkm{t a]nfotL ;fd|fHo km}nfpg / Pl;of–clk|msf / cGo dxfb]zsf b]zx¿dfly cfs|d0f ug{ g]kfnL l;kfxLx¿nfO{ k|of]u ul/of] . g]kfnL l;kfxLx¿ klxnf] ljZjo'4, bf]>f] ljZjo'4, 6sL{, kmf]sNof08, ckmuflg:tfg / O/fsdf ;d]t k|of]u ul/of] . o;sf/0f k/fwLgtfaf6 d'Qm x'g rfxg] cGo b]zsf hgtf g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ‘ef8fsf l;kfxL’ sf] ?kdf x]5{g\ . uf]vf{ etL{s]Gb| g]kfnL hgtfsf] lglDt sn°sf] l6sf xf] . t/ cfh g]kfnsf Dofgkfj/ sDkgLx¿n] g]kfnL o'jfx¿sf] 3/–v]t ub}{ ljb]zL sDkgLx¿sf ‘uNnfjfnf’ aGb} o'jfx¿ ljb]z k7fp“b}5g\ . Oltxf;df klZrdL b]zsf uNnfjfnfx¿n] clk|msL hgtfnfO{ ha/h:tL ckx/0f / aGbL agfp“b}, afs;df y'g]/ jf af“w]/ o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf] ahf/df bf;sf] ?kdf a]Ry] .
cfh cfkm\g} nfvf}+ ?k}of vr{ u/fp“b} ‘8n/’ sf] nf]e b]vfP/ nfvf}+ o'jfx¿nfO{ gofF‘uNnfjfnfx¿’ n] ljb]zL sDkgLnfO{ sfg"gL 9· n] a]rljvg ub{}5g\ . slt o'jfx¿ d/], slt ckf· eP, slt cnkq 5g\ / slt o'jfx¿ ljb]zL cbfnt / h]ndf d[To'nfO{ kv{b}5g\ .
xfd|f] ;/sf/ cfkm}n] ljb]zL sDkgLsf uNnfjfnfx¿nfO{ sfg'gL n'uf nufOlbPsf] 5 . 8n/÷Hofnf -/]ld6]G;\_ cfpg] gfddf b]zdf d'b|f:kmLlt a9fpg ;/sf/ cfkm} nfUb}5 . o;sf/0f ljb]zdf HofdL k7fpg] gLlt :jo+ ljb]zL bnfnL gLlt xf] . ;/sf/sf] o; gLltn] g]kfnL o'jfx¿ b]zsf] >d zlQm dfq gag]sf] xf]Og b]zsf] pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf;df;d]t afwf ag]sf] :ki6 5 .
ljb]zdf hfg] c/af}+–v/af}+ /sdn] b]zd} cg]s pBf]uwGbf, Jofkf/, lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{'kb{Yof] .
e"–d08nLs/0f, lghLs/0f tyf pbf/Ls/0fsf] gfddf ljb]zL k"“hL leq\ofP/ b]znfO{ gofFpklgj]zjfbL hfndf km;fp“b}5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}° cflb ;a} ljZj a}°, cGt/f{li6«o d'b|fsf]if / cGo ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿ cflb ;fd|fHojfbL zlQmsf] cfly{s xltof/ x'g\ .
sf]zL, u08s / dxfsfnLh:t} cfh jt{dfg nf]stflGqs ;/sf/n] dflyNnf] s0ff{nL, ;]tL / c?0f t];|f] ef/tLo Psflwsf/ k"“hLsf] xftdf ;'DkGb}5 . g]kfnn] ef/tnfO{ lah'nL k|lt o'lg6 ? !=#% k};fdf a]R5 t/ ;/sf/n] cfkm\g} g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ k|lt o'lg6 lah'nL ? &=#) k};fdf a]R5 . t/ ef/tn] g]kfnnfO{ k|lt o'lg6 * ?k}ofdf a]R5 . o;sf/0f g]kfnsf] ljB't k|flws/0f / ;/sf/ ef/tLo Psflwsf/ k"“hLsf] bnfn xf] .
ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbn] lnlDkofw'/f, ;':tf cflb %$ 7fp“df ;Ldf ldr]sf] 5 . t/ jt{dfg ‘nf]stflGqs’ ;/sf/ df}g 5 .
g]dlskf dflysf ;a} cfly{s / ;Ldfsf] lyrf]ldrf]sf] lj/f]wdf g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ lzlIft / ;';"lrt ub}{5 .
lg/fIf/tf pGd"ng ug{ sfd ug{] ynf] / sf/vfgfdf ;fIf/tf sIffsf] aGbf]j:t ul/g]5 . ljb]zL gful/snfO{ g]kfnL gful/stf lbg]dfly s8f sf/jfxL ul/g]5 . b]zsf] dxTjk"0f{ ljifox¿df lg0f{o ug{' cufl8 hgdt ;+u|x dfkm{t\ hgtfsf] cledt lng] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt x'g]5 . o;sf] k|of]u cfÇ gf k|ltlglwx¿af6 ul/g]5 . /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ kf/bzL{ / sfg"gL bfo/f leq NofOg]5 . ltgLx¿af6 eO/x]sf] ;dfgfGt/ cy{tGqsf] ;+rfng k|lt ;r]t x'“b} lgoGq0f ul/g]5 . sfd jf /f]huf/L x/]s gful/ssf] clwsf/, st{Jo / uf}/jsf] >f]t xf] . ;]gf, k|x/L, lghfdlt sd{rf/L / lzIfsx¿nfO{ b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t u/fOg]5 . pgLx¿sf] sfd–sfjf{xL cg'zfl;t / kf/bzL{ agfOg]5 .
oxL @)^$ r}q @* ut] ;DkGg x'g] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf dfbn lrGxdf 5fk nufO{ g]dlskf / kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ ljhoL u/fpg xflb{s clkn ub{5f}+ . xfd|f ljhoL k|ltlglwx¿n] kf6L{sf] of] 3f]if0ffkq / hgtfsf] ;'emfjcg';f/ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf cfjfh p7fpg' x'g]5 .
