g]jfMto\;+ uHofMu' /fhgLlt ofo]u' <
– dx]z kf]8] dxh{g
@)^# ;fnof ;kmn hgcfGbf]ng lnkf cfkfn+ cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL blntto\;+ lxpu' /fhg}lts kl/jt{gof ln;] ln;]+ yMlklgu' clwsf/of ;'lglZrttf h'Ou' ljZjf; ofMu' vM . Yjx] ln;]+ g]kfMof /fhgLlts kf6L{ k|lt yMu' ldvf AjofRj+u' g+ vM, t/ /fhg}lts kl/–b[Zo lxnfj+;f+ g+ yMlklgu' clwsf/oft /fhg}lts kf6L{to\;+ ;+jf]wg ofOu' 5'+ x] ns; vg] dbo]j+ cflbjf;L hghfltof ln;]+ dw]zL blnt j No"g] nfgfRj+u' yLyL ;d'bfot yLyL sy+of cfGbf]ng Gx\ofs]t afWo h'n . cfGbf]ng Gx\ofs]u' ‰jno\ yMlklgu' hftLo If]qLo zf;gof Uof/]G6L h'OdfMu' dfu y'ld;+ ofMu' vM . Yjx] ‰jno\ cfGbf]ng tRjof jg]j+ ;/sf/+ yLyL cfGbf]ng/t k'rMt ln;]+ jftf{of gf6s oft . jftf{of Yj gf6so\ ;/sf/ j cfGbf]ng/t k'rMof by'O yLyL sy+of ;xdlt g+ h'n . t/ ;/sf/+ cfGbf]ng/t k'rMofln;] ofMu' u'u'+ g+ sy+of ;xdlt jf ;Demf}tfoft k"j+s]u' s'tM wfM;f ofMu' vg] db' . ;/sf/of Yj /j}ofof sf/0f+ cfGbf]ng/t k'rn+ ;/sf/ k|lt x] Gx\o;M yg]u' oft j yMlklgu' cfGbf]ngoft xfsg+ Gx"u' sy+ Gx\ofs]t pTkLl8t ju{ afWo h'n .
/fhgLlts kf6L{of lj?4 Ajn+u' Yjx] cljZjf;of lnRjM vM cflbjf;L hghfltof ln;]+ dw]zLto\;+ yMlklgu' x] hftLo kf6L{ rfo]s]dfMu' cfjZostf dx;'; oft .
Yjx] ‰jno\ yLyL /fhg}lts kf6L{O cfj4 dw]zL g]tfto\;+ cfM yMlklgu' dfuoft yM ;DalGwt kf6L{+ k'/f dofOu' h"u'ln+ dw]z d'lQmof lg+lt+ dw]zof x] la:s+ /fhg}lts kf6L{ rfo]s]dfM yy] h'n wfM;f hs dw]zL hgtfof d'lQm ;Dej h'O wOu' tfo]sfM dw]zof la:s+ /fhg}lts kf6L{ gL:jg . j dw]zLof Yj /fhg}lts kf6L{+ cfM yLyL sy+of cfGbf]ng Gx\ofsfRj+u' hs dv' dw]zof hgtfof ljZjf; ts g+ sfo]t tfMnfMu' b' .
vo\t nf cflbjf;L hghflt cfGbf]ngoft bsno\ Gxfkf+ Nx\j+lk+ :jlguMof g]jfMt vM . tfM O{ ts g]jfMto\;+ yMlklgu' clwsf/of lg+lt+ ;M Yjo]s]u' Hof g+ g]jfMto\;+ x] ofMu' vM . cn] )^@÷)^# of cfGbf]ngo\ g]jfMto\;+ dfMl5 e"ldsf lDxt"u' vM . g]jfMto\u' Yjx] l:kl/6oft gfnfM x] h'OdfM g]skf -dfcf]jfbL+_ g+ yMlk+ bsno\ Gxfkf+ v'nf h'Ow'+sfM g]jfM VoMof g]tfto\t gfk nfo]u' Hof oft . t/ cGttM dfcf]jfbL+ g+ g]jfMto\u' enf] ofOu' ljZjf; dbo]j+ g]jfM Vono\ g+ g]jfMto\u' la:s+ kf6L{ rfo]s]dfMu' dx;'; ofgfxMu' b' . t/ g]jfMto\u' /fhg}lts kf6L{ x] rfo]s]u' sy+ ;'+ x] g]tft Gx\oMg] jo]u' cf“6 ofo] dkm' .
Yjx] ‰jno\ g]jfM Nofo\Dxt d'gfM g]jfM /fhg}lts kf6L{ rfo]s]u' af/] oSj ;Nnfx ofgfMln g]jfM kf6L{ rfo]s]u' Hof h'n . y'lsoft cfkfn+ /fhgLlts kf6L{kfv]+ ljd'v h'ofRj+lk+ g]jfMt no\tfMu' b' . t/ :jo\d g]jfM VoMof g]jfM g]tft wfM;f no\tfo] dkm't . yy] 5fo\ h'n Gx\o;M bgfRj+u' b' . g]kfM /fli6«o kf6L{ rfo]s]w'+sfM kß/Tg t'nfw/, dNn= s] ;'Gb/ ln;]+ /fhgLlts kf6L{gfk k|ToIf ck|ToIf :jfk" b'lk+ g]jfM g]tfto\;+ g]kfM kf6L{oft 5fo\ yy] dxLsn wOu' Gx\o;M g+ Ajn+u' b' . d]v] jo\sMlk+;+ Gxfkf g]jfMto\;+ /fhgLlt ofo]dfM wsfM u'u' wfo]u' ofgfbLu' vM Yj wfMu' 5' vM wOu' Gx\o;M g+ yg Ajn+u' b' . g]jfMto\;+ /fhgLlt ofo]dfM wsfM wfo]u' t/ g]jfMto\;+ kf6L{ rfo]s]j+ plsof lj/f]w ofo]u' plrt dv' . ls jo\sMlk+;+ g]jfMto\;+ uHofMu' /fhgLlt ofo]u' vM wOu' v“ Wjfy'Osf aLdfM . dv';f y'sy+ c;Gt'li6 Kj+s]u' kfo\l5 dv' . olb y'sy+ :ki6 ofo] dkmOu' vM;f jo\sMlk+;+ g]jfM /fhgLlt ofo]dfM wofu' cy{ 5' vM Yj g+ g]jfM hgtfoft Wjfy'Osf aLdfM . g]jfMto\u' lg+lt+ hLjg kfgfbLlk+ g]jfM g]tfto\;+ x] ha yHofMu' v“ NxfO y'ls+ cfz+sf AjngLu' :jfefljs vM . vo\t nf g]jfM /fhgLlts kf6L{of jf:tljs g]t[Tj kß/Tg t'nfw/, dfl0fsnfn >]i7, dNn= s] ;'Gb/, /fh]Gb| >]i7, s[i0fuf]kfn >]i7, 8f= dx]zdfg >]i7, gljg lrqsf/ cflb g]jfMto\;+ sfo]dfMu' vM . Uj n] yHofMu' efnf sfo]t jo\sMlk+ tof/
h"u' < 5' g]jfMto\;+ /fhgLlt ofo]dfM wsfM Ujfv+Kjfno\ RjgfM xfn]j+ g]jfMto\u' clwsf/ jOu' vM nf < u'ln+ yMu' kf6L{ TjMt] dkm'lk+, u'ln+ yMu' ;f+;b kb TjMt] dkm'lk+, u'ln+ dfcf]jfbL jf ;'+ u'u+' g+ kf6L{+ 5'+ erf nf]e Sog]j+ km“;]+ h'Olk+ g]jfM g]tfto\u' sf/0f+ ofgfM x] yf}+ g]jfM cfGbf]ngof yHofMu' xljut h'ofRj+u' vM . yHofMlk+ g]jfM g]tfto\;+ g]jfMto\u' lxt ofO wsfM u'sy+ tfo]s]u' <
wfy]+ g]jfMto\u' lxt ofo]u' vM;f dxGy 7fs'/+ y]+ yMu' kb Tofu ofgfM jo]u' lxDdt emL g]jfM g]tfto\s] ofo]dfMu' vM . t/ jo\sMlk+;+ yHofMu' lxDdt 5fo\ ofo] dkm't wOu' Gx\o;M g+ yg AjngfRj+u' b' .
bsno\ d" v“ nf 5' wfM;f jo\sMlk+;+ g]jfMto\;+ /fhgLlt ofo]dfM wsfM u'u' wofRj+u' vM g]jfMto\t y'Osf aLdfn uHofMu' g]jfM /fhgLlt ofo]u' < Yj Gx\o;M kß/Tg, dNn= s] ;'Gb/of ln;]+ ;sn]+ g]jfM g]tfto\t vM . cfzf ofo], y'lsof ln;M g+ jo\sMlk+;+ laofbL .
P]ltxfl;s lskf AjHof M 5k'n'
– k'ik/Tg tfd|fsf/ æ:jL6x6{Æ
tfMO{ Gx\oj+lg;]+ x] ;Togf/fo0f ;fo\ld k;f}{gLh'+ yMu' osMlt s'tn+ yLyL ;flxTosf/ efh' do\h'lklgu' lskfof ln;]+ Dx;Lsf d'+sfM AjHof ofo]u' tft'gfbLu' vM . plsof lg+lt+ lj1fkg of;]+ Ogfk ofgfbLu' vM . pu' Ogfksy+ kmf/dt g+ b'To'+ jn . cy] vM;f+ u'Dx u'Dx]:of+ O{ oSj No+ blgu' h"u'ln+ vMnf afo\ 5' h'ofM vM …nfMlg nf vMlgÚ wOy]+ tfo]sfM 5'+ 5'+ ;flxTsf/ efh', do\h'lk+;+ b'ltgf x] Ao" djMu' vg]bt . g aL d+ dbofM vMnf < g On+ dnfgfM vM . t/ Gx\ofu' yh', osMlt s'tn+ ofgfbLu' y'u' Hofoft emL;+ ;sf/fTds ldvf+ :jofM Rj5fo] x] dfM . a?, ;'gf+ g+ dofMu' yHofMu' le+Hofo\ xMkfM, ltaM laofM j dufMdrfMyfo\ 5\oftf laofM Ujfxfln ofgf jg]dfMu' vg]b' . jo\sn+ tft'gfbL y]+ y'u' Hof‰jM j+u' kf]x]nfYj ci6ld+lg;]+ åfbzL KoGx' ts o]“of Kofkmno\ Rj+u' sflGt O{Zj/L /fHonIdL ljBfnoo\ Gx\ofOk's lskf AjHof Sjrfn . tfMt'+ y]+ Hof‰jM k"j+u' b' .
vt'+, y'u' AjHof jo\sMofu' Gxfkf+u' dv';]+ GofSjMu' s'tM h'ofRjg . Gxfkf+u' s'tM uy] Rjg, uy] h'n lh+ d:o"u' sf/0f+ wfo] dk'mt . ;fob af+ x] nft h'OdfM . lhu' lg+lt+ nf cfMofu' AjHof x] Gxfkf+u' h"jgfAo"u' b' . lhu' lg+lt+ y'u' lskf AjHof Gxfkf+u' h";f+ af+nfM h" . Ono\Aono\ yHofMu' Hof‰jMt ofgf o+s]dfM y]+ g+ tfo]sfRjgf . 5fo\wfM;f+ y'sL s]jn Gx"lk+, k'nf+lk+ ;flxTosf/lklgu' lskf j Dx;Lsf hs dh';] cem dbofjg] w'+s"lk+ ;flxTosf/lklgu' Dx;Lsfof gfk+ lskf cn] g]kfnefiff+ Rjof j+lk+ h'h'lklgu' lskf ts+ b'Yofsf tMu' b' . u'lsoft emL;+ ;fdfGo lskf AjHof hs dwf;]+ P]ltxfl;s lskf AjHof wfo]l5+ . yHofMu' P]ltxfl;s lskf AjHof+ Gx"Gx"lk+ ;flxTosf/lk+t g+ xMkfM j ltaM Ao" jgL;f yf}+of Gx" k':tfof efh' do\h'lk+;+ k'nf+k'nf+lk+ j dbof jg]w'+s"lk+ ;flxTosf/lk+t Dx;Ls]u' x\jMtfM g+ r"nfMjgL .
Yj jo\sMofu' GofSjMu' AjHof h'ofRj+u'ln+ Rj5fo]ax h" . osMltof s'tn+ yy] ofo]u' rfMr" v“ dv' . pls+ jo\sM ;'efo\of kfq h'ofAo"u' b' . Hof‰jM k"j+s SjrfM;f+ 5'+ 5'+ sdL sdhf]/Lt wfM;f dh"u' dv' . 5Dx lgDx ;flxTosf/lk+s] Gog]sg] ofgf :jofano\ u'Dx]:of+ l; x] d:o" wfMlk+ g+ vg] bt;f u'Dx]:of+ Wjb'Ss gfknft+ g+ Yj v“o\ 5;M g+ GjjfgfdbL wfMu' g+ Gog]bt . cy] x] :jlGt Gx\oM ;'r+ laoftMu'ln+ NjMdgfRjg by'O 5SjM ;'r+ sy+ hfgsf/L laofbLu' vM;f n'dgLu' h'O wfMu' g+ Gog]bt . 5v]+ :jM;f Yj v“ kfo\l5 vM;f d]v] :jo]ano\ kfo\l5 dh" y]+ tfn . plndl5 Gx\oj+lg;]+ ;'r+ la;]+ln Gx\ofy] ofgfM;f+ xo] dfMu' vM . cy] dh'n, Yj t;s+ b'Mvof v“ vM . lh+ y'u' AjHof :jMjgfano\ TjMlkmgfRj+lk+ 5'+ ;flxTosf/lk+ yy] vM, k|lt;/f ;fo\ld, ;'nf]rgf dfgGw/, d+unf sf/+lht, dx]zdfg 8+uf]n …n“h'jfMÚ, cg'k l;+ ;'jfn, /fhefO hsMld, nf]rgtf/f t'nfw/, /Lgf t'nfw/, l;l4/Tg zfSoleIf' . y'ln nf lh+ l;Sj hs vM, cem d:o"lk+ oSj bO ltlg h'O .
lhtM tfMsy+ osMlt Uj;fMld k;f}{gL efh'+ pl;rfofdlb;] 5SjM of+efo\kfv]+;f+ :jfk" tofbLdfMu' vM . cy] ofgfdbLu'ln+ y'sL sdL sdhf]/L vg]bM jn . plndl5 Hof ofsMrf+ cf“6] ofo] k'mDx]:of+ by'O 5SjM n'd+sf aLt of+efo\ 5fo\ ofgfbL dk'mt < Yj nf ;n Gofo]k'm nufd Gofo] dk'm y]+ hs h"j+u' b' . erf cKjM s'tM ofM;f af+nfOu' vM .
Gx\ofUu' yh', cfM xfnf+ nfMu' dvo]w'+sn . lnkf lnkf yy] AjHof h'Oano\ erf jfMrfo]sfM ofgfbL;f af+nfO . laofbLlk+;+ g+ dg so\s'+sfM dv' rs+s :jf+ x\jo]sfM Ono\ x] b'ltgfbL;f n'“O g:jfM x\jn] y]+ h'ofM t;s+ af+nfO . yHofMu' Hofoft P]ltxfl;s Nofv+ sofM aM aLdfMu' t;s+ cfjZos vg]b' . …dfM;f wf x] wfO lg 5fo\ Rjfk'sfM h" jg]u'Ú wOu' s'efjgf ;'gf+ g+ to] dHo" . Ono\ x] Hof emL;+ ofo]kmt wfM;f j Hof k"jgfM ;'yf+ nfMjgL, Yj v“o\ emL;+ jfMrfo]sfM y'Osf jg]dfMu' b' .
Gx\ofUu';f+ Yj P]ltxfl;s lskf AjHof af+nfMu' b' . y'ls+ ofgfM oSj :js'ld efh' do\h'lk+;+ naM sfo]t tfMnfMu' b' . Gx"Gx'lk+t xMkfM j ltaM Ao"j+u' b' . cGto\ osMlt Uj;fMld efh' ;Togf/fo0f ;fo\ld k;f}{gL– oft le+t'gfof ln;]+ b'g'un+lg;]+ ;'efo\ b]5fgfRjgf .
/fhgLlts lxpkfM j g]jfM :jzf;gof Ph]08f
k|f= eujfg/Tg t'nfw/ -/fhgLlts ljZn]ifs_
g]jfM hflto :jzf;gof lg+lt dfMu' lgjf{rg j k|ltlglwTj Joj:yf
;+ljwfg;ef+ bo]sLu' Gx"u' ;+ljwfgo\ hftLo :jzf;g j :jfoQtfof lg+lt+ Gofu" -%_ a'Fbf yg GXoAjofu' h'n . Yj ;'´fj GXoAjofano\ hflto :jfoQtfof gfdo\ d'n's lav08g h'Ou' eo dbo]df j hghflt÷cflbjf;Lof :jzf;gof xs g+ 5\on]bo]df wofu' ;f]r tofu' h'n .
!_ g]jfM If]q -hflto e"ld_ of pb\3f]if j /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTj
g]jfM hfltof k/Dk/fut a;f]jf; e"ld g]kfn d08n jf o]F, on, Vjk nufotof nfufoft æg]jf If]qÆ 3f]if0ff ofo]u' j g]jfMto\u' ;+:yfut /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjof lg+lt+ g]jfMto\;+ hs dtbfg ofgfM NoMlk+ g]jfM k|ltlglwt ;jf]{Rr Joj:yflksfo\ 5\jo]u' . Yj Joj:yf+ g]jfM TofgfM g+ g]jfM k|ltlglwTj dh'Ou' sldsdhf]/L tgfjgL, g]jfMto\u' ;M Yjs]kmO, yMu' :jfy{ ljkl/t gLltof lj/f]w ofo] kmO j yMt dfMu' lgod sfg"g bo]s]kmO . Yj g]jfM /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTj vM, y'ls+ b]Go+s+oflk g]jfMto\ :jfy{of k|ltlglwTj ofO . Yj Joj:yf ljleGg hghfltof lg+lt+ g+ pko'Qm h'O .
yg 5u" GXo;M jo]k'm . kfNkf, ef]hk'/, jlGbk'/ yHofMu' g]jfM afx'No b'u' g]kfn d08n lkg]of yfo\afo\ af/] Yj l;¢ft+ 5' wfO < ;}¢flGts ?k+ :jo]ano\ emLu' Sjft'u' cfwf/ w}u' k/Dk/fut j;f]jf; e"ld v . pls+ olb j yfo\ k/Dk/fut g]jfM j;f]jf; e"ld vM;f joft g+ g]jfM e"ld wfo] kmO . t/ Rjo\ GXoygfu' yfo\afo\ zfob g]jfM j:tL vof+g+ g]jfM k/Dk/fut e"ld dv' h'Odf . ;sn g]jfM :jfy{of Ro"tfM to]u' j plsof k|ltlglwTj g]jfM e"ld+ jgLlk+ k|ltlglw–to\;+ x] ofO .
@_ 5u" If]q lgDx k|ltlglwof Joj:yf
o]F, on, Vjk cyjf g]jfM If]q b'g] h'Ou' ;+;bLo lgjf{rgo\ æ5u" If]q lgDx k|ltlglwÆ Noo]u' Joj:yf h'Odf . Yj lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t 5u" lgjf{rg If]q+ lgDx k|ltlglw Noo]u'Hof h'O . 5Dx jo:s dtbfg k|0fflnof cfwf/o\ lgjf{rg If]q b'g] Rj+lk+ g]jfM u}/g]jfM ;sn dtbftf kfv]+ lgjf{lrt h'O . j k|ltlglw+ Yj If]qof /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTj ofO . cy]x] d]Dx 5Dx k|ltlglw j If]qof e"ldk'q g]jfMto\;+ hs NoO, pDd]bjf/ g]jfM x] h'O cn] g]jfM lxt j :jfy{of k|ltlglwTj ofO . plnhs dv' pDx k|ltlglw+ /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o ljifoo\ g]jfM b[li6sf]0f g+ k|:t't ofO .
yy] ax'k|ltlglwTjof Joj:yf h'ofM hflto jf e"ldk'q ju{of k|ltlglwTj dh'Os+ jf:tjo\ hflto lxt :jfy{of /Iff h'Odv', g]jfMt /fhgLlts bnof lGxKo+ HjgfM yMu' lxt /Iffof nflu bflu+of No"No" jg] y]+ jg] dfnL dv' . /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0f+ g]jfM ;d'bfo yLyL kfl6{ ;+nUg h";f+ g]jfM :jfy{of ;jfno\ 5wL 5Kk+ h'O kmO . ;sn hghflt gfk ;befj j ;xsfo{ ;+ej h'O .
#_ g]jfM efo\ j :jzf;g
Gx"u' /fhgLlts Joj:yfo\ :yfgLo :jzf;gof cjwf/0ff j sfo{ut?k (concept & functional design ) k|i6 h'OdfM . :yfgLo k|zf;g dv' :yfgLo :jzf;gof cjwf/0ff cg'?kof ;+j}wflgs j sfg"gL Joj:yf h'Odf . :yfgLo :jzf;g wofu' 5'+ :yfg ljif]zofu' k|zf;g dv' :yfg ljz]ifof dg"to\u' zf;g vM . Yj wfk'of cy{ vM æg]jfM nfufÆ wsfM wf]if0ff h" yfo\ b'g]Rj+u' :yfgLo hghflt÷ cflbjf;Lof lhNnf ÷gu/ :t/Lo sfof{no b'g] g]jfM efo\oft 5\on]u' clwsf/ k|fKt h'Ou' vM .
ax'eflifs Yj b]zo\ dfWodefiff (lingua franca) GXofu'x] h";f+ plsof gfkgfk+ g]jfM efo\ 5o\n]u' lgjf{b clwsf/ vM . d;M d;M d]u' efo\ Nxfo]dfMu' afWotf+ ofgfM g]jfMto\t SjToo]sf Rjg] DjfnLu' clwsf/ vM j Yj dfgj clwsf/of d"n tfTko{ vM . :s"n, 5]F, ;fdflhs Jojxf/o\ yMu' efo\ 5\on]u' emL;+ x] ofo]u' vM . yg GXoyg]dfMu' cfjZostf db' .
$_ g]jfM ;+:s[ltof ;+/If0f j :jzf;g
g]jfM ;+:s[lt yf} Gxgfjgf Rj+u' b' . psLof 5u" tMw+u' sf/0f lDxuMof ;/sf/L gLlt vM, k|jf;L hg;+Vof cTolws j[l4 vM, j hflto k|]d Ajn+s]t ltaM daLu' lDxuMof lzIff k|0ffnL vM . pls+ sGxo\of lzIff k|0ffnL j lzIffof p2]Zoo\ cjZo g+ lxpkfM xo]dfM . Yj ;}4flGts larfMof gfkgfk+ g]jfM nfufo\ g]jfM ;+:s[lt Ajn+s]t lgu" clwsf/ emLt dbo]s+ dufM . 5u" g]jfMto\;+ xgLu' gvM rvM s'Gx' kj{ labfof Joj:yf h'OdfM j gvMrvM xg]t jfwf Jojwfg h'Ou' Hof kg]u' clwsf/ bo]dfM . g]jfM ;+:s[lt j dfGotf ljkl/t h'Ou', lkg]+ jMu' ;+:s[lt lgif]w ofo]u' sfg'gL clwsf/ :yfgLo :jzf;gofs] bo]dfM .
%_ yfo\afo\of gf+ lxnfM g]jfM gf+ 5\on]u'
u}/ g]jfMto\u' k|e'Tjof sf/0f+ :jlguMof yfo\afo\of g]jfM gf+ xLsfM Gx"Gx"u' ;+:s[t efo\ NjfsHofMu' gf+ lxnftMu' b' . yHofMu' gf+ lnsof TjfM, yfo\afo\of k'nf+u' jf:tljs gf+ 5\on]u'oft wfM;f hs :jlguM jf:tjo\ g]jfM nfuf y]]+ vg]bO . Yj Hof hflto :jzf;g b'u' cj:yfo\ hs ;+ej h'O .
SjrfM vFM
hgtGqof tfTko{ ax'dtof zf;g dv' cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo jf ljrf/wf/fof Gofok"0f{ k|ltlglwTj h'Ou' /fhgLlts ;fdflhs Joj:yf vM wofu' dfGotf Yj sfo{kqof ;}4flGts cfwf/ vM .
g]jf b'g] yLyL hft, wd{, ;+:s[lt j /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f b';f+ tlag+ hflto :jzf;gof ;jfno\ emL ;sn+] 5u" :jfy{ ;d'x ( interest group ) vM, 5u" bjfj ;d'x (pressure group ) vM wofu' cjwf/0ff Yj sfo{kq+ GXoAjof Rj+u' h'n .
emL g]jfM hg;+Vof dWo] alR5+ dofs :jlguM lkg] Rjgf Rj+u' b';f+tlj :jlguMoft x] g]jf :jzf;gof s]Gb|ljGb' dfg] ofo]dfM, j x] hs Jofjxfl/s h'O wofu' Rjldof larfM vM . Yj sfo{kq+ aMsof Rj+u' hflto :jzf;gof ;}4flGts cfwf/ cflbjfl; hghfltof k/Dk/fut d"n jf;:yfg vM . Yj kl/efiff sy+ :Yfflgo æg]jfM nfufÆ vM pls+ Yj yfo g]jfM :jzf;gof cflwsf/Ls If]q vM . yg g]jfM :jof+ hg;+Vofof Nofv+ cg]jfM oSj b';f+ :jlguM g]jfM nfuf x] v .
:jlguM b]zof /fhwfgL h"u'ln+ yg hflto :jzf;gof cjwf/0ff 5\on]t cMk' h'Odv' t/ plsof lg+lt+ /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf (political will ) dfM, c;+ej dv' .
g]jfMto\u' :jzf;gof rfxgf yf}+of kl/l:ylt+ lkHjMu' sNkgf dv', Yj 5u" nfsfsoftMu' clwsf/ lnkm\ofo]u' s'tM vM . sn+lst ;fd|fHojfbL Oltxf;oft oyfy{jfbL hgjfbL Oltxf;o\ ?kfGt/ ofo]u' Hof vM . :yfgLo b[li6sf]0f+ :jzf;g j /fli6«o b[li6sf]0f+ ;dfj]zL k|hftGqof gd"gf v . -Sjrfn_
-g]jfM b]o\ u'ly g]kfn d08n !* j8f srfof Uj;fno\ @)^# h]7 @! ut] s'Gx' Gx\oAjMu' Hofkf}_
